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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Lethargy

A

None specific

Organs not getting enough oxygen

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2
Q

Coughing

A

Clinical sign

Usually due to pulmonary edema

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3
Q

Hypotension

A

Heart failing, unable to pump blood properly and pressure falls
Left sided heart failure
Low blood volume

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4
Q

Hypertension

A

Right sides heart failure
Valve malfunction
If left sided failure, body may compensate with hypertension to increase pressures for heart to push against

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5
Q

What can hypertension lead to

A

Stimulation of heart muscles to grow, and enlarge heart, can compensate for years, until eventually heart becomes too stretched or unable to push past the pressure in the arteries

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6
Q

Bradycardia causes

A

Hypothyroid
Addisons
Hype
Normal when sleeping

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7
Q

Bradycardia and hypothyroidism

A

Slower metabolism, interferes with electrical impulses for heart contraction

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8
Q

Addisons and hypothyroidism

A

Improper electrolyte regulation, water lost (low blood volume) and high potassium interferes with heart

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9
Q

Hypothermia and bradycardia

A

Vaso mediated fight/flight leads to collapse

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10
Q

When is bradycardia normal?

A

Athletic dogs
Large breed dogs
Sleeping

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11
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

Hypotension, anemia, shock, dehydration

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12
Q

Cardiac murmer

A

Sound of turbulence in blood flow

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13
Q

Is there a treatment for cardiac murmer

A

Usually no treatment unless CHF or congenital defect

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14
Q

How to treat murmer

A

Monitor and treat once progresses

No benefit shown to early treatment

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15
Q

What can murmur indicate

A

Improper blood flow

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16
Q

What are the extra heart sounds in a murmer

A

Gallop

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17
Q

What species is a murmur common in

A

Dogs

If cat has murmur, may indicate a problem

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18
Q

When can murmur occur

A

Congenital defects
Malformed valves
Septum defect

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19
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular erratic pulse or heart rate

Slow or fast rates

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20
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

A normal mild slowing and speeding up of the heart associated with breathing
HR increased with inspiration
HR decreases with expiration
Normal , dogs

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21
Q

Chronic valvular disease

A

Mortal valve insufficiency

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22
Q

What breeds is mortal valve insufficiency common in

A

Small breed dogs

Cavalier king Charles spaniels

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23
Q

Common ways to diagnose heart conditions

A 
Auscultation 
Palpation 
Radiographs (chest x-rays) 
Ultrasound 
Doppler echocardiography 
EKG
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24
Q

Ultrasound (echocardiogram)

A

Movie of heart
Can assess heart size (measure wall thickness)
Flow of blood, valves
Diagnose cause of heart issues

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25
Q

Doppler echocardiography

A

Special kind of ultrasound

Look at speed and direction of blood flow

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26
Q

What does blue mean on Doppler echocardiography

A

Away from transducer

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27
Q

What does red mean on Doppler echocardiography

A

Towards transducer

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28
Q

Multiple colours on Doppler echocardiography

A

High velocity

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29
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogram
Measures electrical signals in ear
Records on monitor can do print outs on paper
Most useful to diagnose arrhythmia

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30
Q

Holter monitor

A

Special device the dog wears for 24 hours to record prolonged ECG

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31
Q

Heartworm test

A

Presence of adult heart worms
SNAP test common, can send away as well
Tests for female heartworm antigen
Should be 7-8 months old or older

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32
Q

Diuretics

A

Remove excess fluid

Lasix is the most commonly used

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33
Q

Why are diuretics commonly used in dogs

A

To remove pulmonary edema

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34
Q

What to do with animal while they are on diuretics

A

Make sure they are still drinking

Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance

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35
Q

Most common diuretic and how much of a dose do you need

A

Lasix

Start on a higher dose than lower to dose to most effective dose as pet improves

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36
Q

Three common heart diseases

A

Vetmedin
Enalapril/ banazepril
Lasix

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37
Q

What does vetamin do

A

Improves contractibility of heart

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38
Q

Enalapril/banazepril

A

Opens vessels so less pressure for heart to push against

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39
Q

Lasix

A

Water pills

Takes off excess water

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40
Q

Most common feline heart medications

A 
Diuretics 
Banazepril 
Propanalol 
Anti-arrhythmic 
Aspirin
41
Q

Diuretics

A

Water pills
Removes excess H20
Furosemide (Lasix)

42
Q

Benazepril (Fortekor)

A

Heart efficiency: opens vessels

43
Q

Propanalol

A

Anti arrhythmic

Decreased heart rate

44
Q

Aspirin

A

Anti coagulant

Used for clots

45
Q

Antiarrhythmic drugs

A

Propanalol

46
Q

When are anti arrhythmic meds used in cats

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

47
Q

When are anti arrhythmic meds used in dogs

A

Atrial fibrillation

48
Q

Pacemakers

A

May see pacemaker implanted in dogs for arrhythmias

Pacemaker regulates heart

49
Q

Other reasons for pacemaker

A

Heart block

Improper heart signaling (not signaling in first place, not reaching ventricles after atrium)

50
Q

How to put pacemaker in dogs and cats

A

Open heart surgery to place in cats
Dogs can thread through neck
Pulse generator implanted in neck or leg

51
Q

Surgery

A

Not many

Valve repair and heart defects

52
Q

Antiparasitic drugs

A

Heartworm disease

Give enough to kill the worms but not enough to kill the dogs

53
Q

How many treatments plus when is it better to treat parasites

A

Much safer to prevent heart worms than to treat it. Better to prevent then get heart worm surgery
Need multiple treatments to kill worms slowly so they don’t clog arteries

54
Q

Heart diet

A

Purina
Royal canine
Hills

55
Q

Why is there low salt in heart diet

A

To lower water reabsorption

Increases BP and hearts workload

56
Q

Vitamin B/Thiamin

A

Needed for proper muscle activity
Converts glucose to energy
May be low if pet is fed raw fish (destroys thiamin)
Can use with diuretics

57
Q

Taurine

A

Low taurine can cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats (uncommon with proper diet)

58
Q

Carnitine

A

Also helping for converting energy , found useful for heart

59
Q

Coenzyme Q

A

Appears to strengthen heart

60
Q

Vitamin C

A

May also be useful for heart activity

61
Q

Other word for chronic valvular disease

A

Mortal valve insufficiency

62
Q

Most common breeds for mitral valve insufficiency

A

Small dogs

Cavalier king Charles spaniels

63
Q

Mitral valve insufficiency

A

Degeneration of mitral valve which leads to leaky valve

64
Q

What can mitral valve insufficiency lead to

A

Murmur first then CHF

Coughing / exercise intolerance

65
Q

Drugs that treat mitral valve insufficiency

A

Vetmedin
Lasix
Fortefor

66
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Heart disease of large breed dogs where the heart chambers enlarge and the walls become thin

67
Q

Breeds that often have dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Boxers and Dobermans

68
Q

Clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Both left and right side congestive heart failure
Ascites and coughing due to pulmonary edema
Sometimes sudden death

69
Q

Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Genetics
Nutritional
Infectious

70
Q

What can the animal have to indicate dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Heart murmur

Arrhythmia

71
Q

Treatment of cardiomyopathy

A

Lasix

Fortekor

72
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Irregular or erratic heart rate

73
Q

Cause of arrhythmia

A

Some interference of the electrical system of the heart

74
Q

Diagnoses of arrhythmia

A

ECG or Holter monitor

75
Q

Ultra sound

A

Electrocardiogram
Can assess heart size , measure wall thickness,
Flow of blood, valves
Diagnose cause of heart issues

76
Q

How to treat arrhythmia

A

Propanalol

77
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Syndrome where a damaged or diseased heart can no longer provide adequate circulation to the body

78
Q

Damage that leads to congested heart failure

A

Valvular disease
Cardiomyopathy
Congenital heart disease
Myocarditis

79
Q

Congestive heart failure in small dogs

A

Mortal valve insufficiency

80
Q

Congestive heart failure in large dogs

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

81
Q

Early signs of congestive heart failure

A

Fatigue
Decreased exercise tolerance
Cough

82
Q

As CHF progresses

A

Back up of blood causing pulmonary edema

83
Q

What happens when left ventricle fails in chf

A

Ascites and general edema

84
Q

Right ventricle fails / whole heart fails

A

Acites
Pulmonary edema
Generalized edema
Pleural effusion

85
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

86
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in air sac

87
Q

Blood pressure

A

Commonly monitored during anesthesia
Diagnose hypertension
Keep pet calm

88
Q

Treatment of CHF

A

Directed at underlying cause
Then using meds to increase heart function and remove fluid
Feeding heart diet
Surgical repair may save pet but disease is usually fatal

89
Q

Cardiomyopathy in cats

A 
3 types:
Hypertrophic 
Restrictive 
Dilated 
All forms cause heart failure , sudden death, clots in arteries
90
Q

Cardiomyopathy signs

A

Reduced exercise tolerance
Labored breathing
Sudden death

91
Q

thromboembolism

A

Blood clot blocks supplies to back legs , paralyzes cat

Emergency

92
Q

Thromboembolism signs

A

Legs cold/drags

93
Q

Thromboembolism treatment

A

Clot removal difficult, often euthanized

94
Q

Prevention and other treatment of thromboembolism

A

Prevent death with low dose aspirin

May live months / years on meds

95
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Disease where fluid leaks into the pericardial sac and restricts the heart from pumping properly

96
Q

Pericardial effusion causes

A

Tumor bleeding into sac

97
Q

Diagnoses of pericardial effusion

A

X-ray’s
Blood work
Physical Exam

98
Q

Prognosis of pericardial effusion

A

Poor

Medical Conditions Block 2 (13 decks)

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