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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Lethargy

A

None specific

Organs not getting enough oxygen

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2
Q

Coughing

A

Clinical sign

Usually due to pulmonary edema

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3
Q

Hypotension

A

Heart failing, unable to pump blood properly and pressure falls
Left sided heart failure
Low blood volume

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4
Q

Hypertension

A

Right sides heart failure
Valve malfunction
If left sided failure, body may compensate with hypertension to increase pressures for heart to push against

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5
Q

What can hypertension lead to

A

Stimulation of heart muscles to grow, and enlarge heart, can compensate for years, until eventually heart becomes too stretched or unable to push past the pressure in the arteries

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6
Q

Bradycardia causes

A

Hypothyroid
Addisons
Hype
Normal when sleeping

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7
Q

Bradycardia and hypothyroidism

A

Slower metabolism, interferes with electrical impulses for heart contraction

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8
Q

Addisons and hypothyroidism

A

Improper electrolyte regulation, water lost (low blood volume) and high potassium interferes with heart

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9
Q

Hypothermia and bradycardia

A

Vaso mediated fight/flight leads to collapse

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10
Q

When is bradycardia normal?

A

Athletic dogs
Large breed dogs
Sleeping

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11
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

Hypotension, anemia, shock, dehydration

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12
Q

Cardiac murmer

A

Sound of turbulence in blood flow

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13
Q

Is there a treatment for cardiac murmer

A

Usually no treatment unless CHF or congenital defect

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14
Q

How to treat murmer

A

Monitor and treat once progresses

No benefit shown to early treatment

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15
Q

What can murmur indicate

A

Improper blood flow

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16
Q

What are the extra heart sounds in a murmer

A

Gallop

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17
Q

What species is a murmur common in

A

Dogs

If cat has murmur, may indicate a problem

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18
Q

When can murmur occur

A

Congenital defects
Malformed valves
Septum defect

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19
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular erratic pulse or heart rate

Slow or fast rates

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20
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

A normal mild slowing and speeding up of the heart associated with breathing
HR increased with inspiration
HR decreases with expiration
Normal , dogs

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21
Q

Chronic valvular disease

A

Mortal valve insufficiency

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22
Q

What breeds is mortal valve insufficiency common in

A

Small breed dogs

Cavalier king Charles spaniels

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23
Q

Common ways to diagnose heart conditions

A 
Auscultation 
Palpation 
Radiographs (chest x-rays) 
Ultrasound 
Doppler echocardiography 
EKG
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24
Q

Ultrasound (echocardiogram)

A

Movie of heart
Can assess heart size (measure wall thickness)
Flow of blood, valves
Diagnose cause of heart issues

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25
Doppler echocardiography
Special kind of ultrasound | Look at speed and direction of blood flow
26
What does blue mean on Doppler echocardiography
Away from transducer
27
What does red mean on Doppler echocardiography
Towards transducer
28
Multiple colours on Doppler echocardiography
High velocity
29
ECG
Electrocardiogram Measures electrical signals in ear Records on monitor can do print outs on paper Most useful to diagnose arrhythmia
30
Holter monitor
Special device the dog wears for 24 hours to record prolonged ECG
31
Heartworm test
Presence of adult heart worms SNAP test common, can send away as well Tests for female heartworm antigen Should be 7-8 months old or older
32
Diuretics
Remove excess fluid | Lasix is the most commonly used
33
Why are diuretics commonly used in dogs
To remove pulmonary edema
34
What to do with animal while they are on diuretics
Make sure they are still drinking | Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance
35
Most common diuretic and how much of a dose do you need
Lasix | Start on a higher dose than lower to dose to most effective dose as pet improves
36
Three common heart diseases
Vetmedin Enalapril/ banazepril Lasix
37
What does vetamin do
Improves contractibility of heart
38
Enalapril/banazepril
Opens vessels so less pressure for heart to push against
39
Lasix
Water pills | Takes off excess water
40
Most common feline heart medications
``` Diuretics Banazepril Propanalol Anti-arrhythmic Aspirin ```
41
Diuretics
Water pills Removes excess H20 Furosemide (Lasix)
42
Benazepril (Fortekor)
Heart efficiency: opens vessels
43
Propanalol
Anti arrhythmic | Decreased heart rate
44
Aspirin
Anti coagulant | Used for clots
45
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Propanalol
46
When are anti arrhythmic meds used in cats
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
47
When are anti arrhythmic meds used in dogs
Atrial fibrillation
48
Pacemakers
May see pacemaker implanted in dogs for arrhythmias | Pacemaker regulates heart
49
Other reasons for pacemaker
Heart block | Improper heart signaling (not signaling in first place, not reaching ventricles after atrium)
50
How to put pacemaker in dogs and cats
Open heart surgery to place in cats Dogs can thread through neck Pulse generator implanted in neck or leg
51
Surgery
Not many | Valve repair and heart defects
52
Antiparasitic drugs
Heartworm disease | Give enough to kill the worms but not enough to kill the dogs
53
How many treatments plus when is it better to treat parasites
Much safer to prevent heart worms than to treat it. Better to prevent then get heart worm surgery Need multiple treatments to kill worms slowly so they don't clog arteries
54
Heart diet
Purina Royal canine Hills
55
Why is there low salt in heart diet
To lower water reabsorption | Increases BP and hearts workload
56
Vitamin B/Thiamin
Needed for proper muscle activity Converts glucose to energy May be low if pet is fed raw fish (destroys thiamin) Can use with diuretics
57
Taurine
Low taurine can cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats (uncommon with proper diet)
58
Carnitine
Also helping for converting energy , found useful for heart
59
Coenzyme Q
Appears to strengthen heart
60
Vitamin C
May also be useful for heart activity
61
Other word for chronic valvular disease
Mortal valve insufficiency
62
Most common breeds for mitral valve insufficiency
Small dogs | Cavalier king Charles spaniels
63
Mitral valve insufficiency
Degeneration of mitral valve which leads to leaky valve
64
What can mitral valve insufficiency lead to
Murmur first then CHF | Coughing / exercise intolerance
65
Drugs that treat mitral valve insufficiency
Vetmedin Lasix Fortefor
66
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Heart disease of large breed dogs where the heart chambers enlarge and the walls become thin
67
Breeds that often have dilated cardiomyopathy
Boxers and Dobermans
68
Clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy
Both left and right side congestive heart failure Ascites and coughing due to pulmonary edema Sometimes sudden death
69
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
Genetics Nutritional Infectious
70
What can the animal have to indicate dilated cardiomyopathy
Heart murmur | Arrhythmia
71
Treatment of cardiomyopathy
Lasix | Fortekor
72
Arrhythmias
Irregular or erratic heart rate
73
Cause of arrhythmia
Some interference of the electrical system of the heart
74
Diagnoses of arrhythmia
ECG or Holter monitor
75
Ultra sound
Electrocardiogram Can assess heart size , measure wall thickness, Flow of blood, valves Diagnose cause of heart issues
76
How to treat arrhythmia
Propanalol
77
Congestive Heart Failure
Syndrome where a damaged or diseased heart can no longer provide adequate circulation to the body
78
Damage that leads to congested heart failure
Valvular disease Cardiomyopathy Congenital heart disease Myocarditis
79
Congestive heart failure in small dogs
Mortal valve insufficiency
80
Congestive heart failure in large dogs
Dilated cardiomyopathy
81
Early signs of congestive heart failure
Fatigue Decreased exercise tolerance Cough
82
As CHF progresses
Back up of blood causing pulmonary edema
83
What happens when left ventricle fails in chf
Ascites and general edema
84
Right ventricle fails / whole heart fails
Acites Pulmonary edema Generalized edema Pleural effusion
85
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
86
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of fluid in air sac
87
Blood pressure
Commonly monitored during anesthesia Diagnose hypertension Keep pet calm
88
Treatment of CHF
Directed at underlying cause Then using meds to increase heart function and remove fluid Feeding heart diet Surgical repair may save pet but disease is usually fatal
89
Cardiomyopathy in cats
``` 3 types: Hypertrophic Restrictive Dilated All forms cause heart failure , sudden death, clots in arteries ```
90
Cardiomyopathy signs
Reduced exercise tolerance Labored breathing Sudden death
91
thromboembolism
Blood clot blocks supplies to back legs , paralyzes cat | Emergency
92
Thromboembolism signs
Legs cold/drags
93
Thromboembolism treatment
Clot removal difficult, often euthanized
94
Prevention and other treatment of thromboembolism
Prevent death with low dose aspirin | May live months / years on meds
95
Pericardial effusion
Disease where fluid leaks into the pericardial sac and restricts the heart from pumping properly
96
Pericardial effusion causes
Tumor bleeding into sac
97
Diagnoses of pericardial effusion
X-ray's Blood work Physical Exam
98
Prognosis of pericardial effusion
Poor

Medical Conditions Block 2 (13 decks)

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