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MCAT Miscellaneous > Review 6 > Flashcards

Review 6 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

VIRAL Genetic Material

A

May be linear or circular DNA or RNA

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2
Q

Packaging DNA Supercoil in Prokaryotes

A

DNA GYRASE uses ATP to twist circular molecule into a supercoil

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3
Q

DEGENERATIVE CODE

A

More than one series of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid

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4
Q

UNAMBIGUOUS CODE

A

Any three nucleotides will code for one and only one amino acid

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5
Q

UNIVERSAL CODE

A

Almost every living organism uses the same code

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6
Q

Primer

A

A Primer is a small chain of RNA produced by RNA Polymerase called PRIMASE

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7
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix separating two strands

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8
Q

Replisomes

A

BI-DIRECTIONAL replisomes proceed in BOTH directions

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9
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Cut one or both of the strands and unwrap the helix, releasing the excess tension
a. when helicase unwinds the helix at the origin, DNA gets wound more tightly upstream and downstream

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10
Q

Types of Prokaryotes Polymerase

A
  1. Pol 3 - Fast accurate elongation of the leading strand and Proofreading 3’ to 5; exonuclease activity correct mistakes by removing incorrect nucleotides
  2. Pol 2 - unknown
  3. Pol 1 - Removes primer and replaces it with DNA
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11
Q

Removal of RNA primers in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes - Pol 1

Eukaryotes - RNase H

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12
Q

Deletions

A

When a portion of a chromosome breaks off

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13
Q

Duplications

A

DNA fragments break free from one chromosome and incorporate into another

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14
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When a chromosome is copied

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15
Q

Polyploidy

A

When entire sets of chromosomes are copies

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16
Q

Translocation

A

Segment of DNA from one chromosome is inserted into another chromosomes

Transposons: excise themselves from a chromosome and reinsert themselves at another location

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17
Q

Proofreading

A

DNA polymerase checks its work and excises incorrectly matched bases.

daughter strand is identified by its lack of methylation and corrected accordingly.

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18
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

Occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, using the genes MSH2 and MLH1.

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19
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair

A

Fixes helix-deforming lesions of DNA (such as thymine dimers) via a cut-and-patch process that requires an excision ENDONUCLEASE

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20
Q

Base Excision Repair

A

Nondeforming lesions of the DNA helix (such as cytosine deamination) by removing the base, leaving an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

AP EXONUCLEASE then removes the damaged sequence, which can be filled in with the correct bases

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21
Q

CONSENSUS SEQUENCE

A

Variations from the consensus sequence cause RNA polymerase to bind LESS tightly and LESS often to a given promoter causing the gene to be transcribed LESS

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22
Q

RNA Polymerase

A
  1. Pol 1 - rRNA
  2. Pol 2 - mRNA
  3. Pol 3 - tRNA
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23
Q

RNA Polymerase NOTE

A

NO proofreading activity, HIGH rate of errors

24
Q

REGULATION NOTE

A

Most happen in REPLICATION

25
Q

LAC Operon

A

POSITIVE control system

26
Q

TRP Operon

A

REPRESSION system produces enzyme for the production of Trp.

INACTIVATED by the presence of Trp, repressor protein is ACTIVATED in the presence of trp.

POSITIVE CONTROL SYSTEM

27
Q

Peptide Bond in translation

A

Enzimatically attaches the two amino acids together,creating a peptide. Process is repeated until the polypeptide is complete

28
Q

ATP Requirement for AA loading on TRNA

A

2 ATP

29
Q

Prokaryote Ribosome

A

50S + 30S = 70S

30
Q

Eukaryote Ribosome

A

60S + 40S = 80S

31
Q

ATP/GTP Requirement for initiation

A

1 ATP/GTP

32
Q

ATP/GTP Requirement for elongation

A

1 ATP/GTP

33
Q

ATP/GTP Requirement for translocation

A

1 ATP/GTP

34
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Alteration of a gene alters many different, unrelated aspects of the organism’s total phenotype

35
Q

Polygenism

A

Traits that are influenced by many different genes

Example: Height is influenced by genes for growth factors, receptors, hormones, bone deposition, muscle…

36
Q

Penetrance

A

The likelihood that a person with a given genotype will express the expected phenotype

37
Q

Epistasis

A

Expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene.

Example: A gene for curly hair cannot be expressed if a different gene causes baldness.

38
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Sometimes homologous chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis I and sometimes during meiosis II sister chromatids fail to separate.

The result is gametes with two copies or no copies of a given chromosome.

39
Q

Test cross

A

To deduce the genotype of a individual, cross it with a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

40
Q

POPULATION

A

Individuals that are able to REPRODUCE with each other

41
Q

Gene Pool

A

The sum total of all genetic information in a population

42
Q

NOTE about Natural Selection

A

Natural selection DOES NOT introduce

genetic diversity, it acts on existing diversity to alter allele frequencies.

43
Q

DIRECTIONAL NATURAL SELECTION

A

If natural selection removes one extreme, the population average over time will move in the other direction. Example: Giraffes get taller as all short giraffes die for lack of food.

LOOK AT THE GRPAH FROM HANDOUT

44
Q

DIVERGENT NATURAL SELECTION

A

Natural selection removes the members near the average, leaving those at either end. Example: Small deer are selected for because they can hide, and large deer are selected because they can fight but mid-sized deer are too big to hide and too small to fight.

45
Q

STABILIZING NATURAL SELECTION

A

Both extremes are selected against, driving the population to the average

46
Q

SPECIES

A

A group of organisms capable of MATING with each other and can produce viable reproductive offspring

47
Q

ALLOPATRIC ISOLATION

A

Diverging of species due to geographic isolation

48
Q

SYMPATRIC ISOLATION

A

One species gives rise to a new species in the same geographical area

49
Q

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

A

Are physical features shared by two species that are a result of a common ancestor ex- bat wings, human hand, dogs paw and whale flipper all had a common ancestor

50
Q

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

A

Serve the same function in two species but not common ancestors ▪ ex- birds wing and butterfly wing

51
Q

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

A

When two species come to possess analogous structures due to similar selective pressures. Ex-bat and bird wings

52
Q

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

A

Selection causes a species to branch out to many species

53
Q

BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION

A

Genus species

54
Q

7 Taxonomical Categories

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
55
Q

7 Taxonomical Categories Acronym

A

King Philip Came Over For Great Sex

MCAT Miscellaneous (17 decks)

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