Review 3 Flashcards

Question

Transferase

Answer 1

Groups are transferred from one location to another (aminotransferase, kinase)

Answer 2

Transfers a phosphate group from ATP or other high energy carrier to a substrate

Answer 3

Catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to a substrate

Answer 4

Hydrolysis reactions (ATPase, protease, nuclease, lipase)

Answer 5

Hydrolyses peptide bonds (trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin)

Answer 6

Removes phosphate groups from a molecule

Answer 7

Catalyzes the cleavage of a bond or the synthesis (synthase) of a bond without the addition of an outside molecule (like water). Often forms or breaks double bonds

Answer 8

Catalyzes condensation reactions with the hydrolysis of high energy molecule. Usually

Answer 9

Intracellular scaffolding anchored to cell membrane to provide support and organization

Answer 10

Extracellular support the tissue of the body (tendons, ligaments, cartilage, basement membrane)

Answer 11

Tri-helical fiber and makes up most of the extracellular matrix, important for strength and flexibility. Major component of the bone

Answer 12

Extracellular, stretches and recoils like a spring, restores original shape of tissue

Answer 13

Intermediate filaments found in epithelial cells. Functions to waterproof and strengthen the tissue. Found in hair and nails

Answer 14

Intracellular, make up of microfilaments and the thin filaments in myofibrils. Most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 15

Intracellular, make up mictrotubules. Provide structure, chromosome separation in mitosis and intracellular transoirt with kinesin and dynein

Answer 16

Positive end. They align chromosomes during metaphase, brings vesicles to membrane (neurotransmitters release)

Answer 17

Negative end. The sliding movement of cilia and flagella, takes vesicles away from membrane (neurotransmitters reuptake)

Answer 18

Bind and transport or sequester molecules (hemoglobin, calcium binding protein, transcription factors)

Answer 19

They can be found on the surface of most cells and aid in the binding of the cell to the extracellular matrix of other cells. Integral Membrane Proteins

Answer 20

They are glycoproteins involved in calcium-dependent adhesion. They hold similar types of cells together (epithelial)

Answer 21

They span both membranes, bind to and communicate with extracellular matrix and cellular signaling. They promote cell division, apoptosis, white blood migration, clotting.

Answer 22

They weakly bind to carbohydrate molecules that project from other cell surfaces. They are expressed on white blood cells. They play a role in host defense, inflammation, and white cell migration.

Answer 23

1. Epinephrine arrives at the cell surface and binds to a specific G-protein linked receptor 2. The cytoplasmic portion of the receptor activates G-proteins, causing GDP to dissociate and GTP to bind in its place 3. The activated G-proteins diffuse through the membrane and activate adenylyl cyclase 4. Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP from ATP 5. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cAMP-dPK) in the cytoplasm. 6. cAMP-dPK phosphorylates certain enzymes, with the end result being mobilization energy. For example, enzymes necessary for glycogen breakdown will be activated, while enzymes necessary for glycogen synthesis will be inactivated, cAMP-dPK phosphorylation.

Answer 24

G-protein-linkedreceptoractivatesmanyG-proteins,eachG-proteinactivatesmanyadenylyl cyclase enzymes, each adenylyl cyclase makes lots of cAMP from ATP, each cAMP activates many cAMP-dPK, and each cAMP-dPK phosphorylates many enzymes

Answer 25

1. Ligand binds receptor 2. Receptor exchanges GDP to GTP 3. G protein becomes activated 4. G protein either activates or inactivates target protein 5. G protein hydrolyses GTP to GDP 6. G protein becomes inactivated

Answer 26

1. Separates by mass to charge ratio. | 2. Useful to compare size of charged proteins with similar size.

Answer 27

1. Separates based on mass only | 2. SDS a detergent that disrupts all noncovalent bonds and binds to protein giving it a negative charge.

Answer 28

1. Separates based on pI 2. Gel has a pH gradient ( acidic at the anode, basic at the cathode) 3. Proteins that are positively charged will begin migrating toward the CATHODE and proteins that are negatively charged will begin migrating toward the ANODE. 4. When the protein reaches the portion of gel where the pH = pI, the protein takes on a NEUTRAL charge and will STOP.

Answer 29

1. The more similar the compound is to its surroundings (by polarity, charge, and so on), the MORE it will stick to its surrounding and SLOWER it will move. 2. Chromatography is preferred over electrophoresis if LARGE amounts of protein are being separated.

Answer 30

Can be charged, have pores or special affinities.

Answer 31

Polar silica or alumina beads, the more polar the protein, the SLOWER it will move

Answer 32

1. Beads coated with charged substances 2. A positively charged column will attract and hold a negatively charged protein as it passes though the column, INCREASES its retention time

Answer 33

Bind positively charged molecules

Answer 34

Bind negatively charged molecules

Answer 35

beads have tiny pores which allow small compounds to enter slowing them down, large proteins can't fit into pores and therefore the LARGE proteins will elute first

Answer 36

1. Columns to bind any protein of interest by creating a column with high affinity. 2. Use receptors or substrate for the protein, antibodies

Answer 37

X-ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy

Answer 38

1. Hydrolysis followed by chromatography 2. Edmans degradation sequences by selectively removing amino acids of the proteins from the N-terminal which can be analyzed by mass spectroscopy.