Review 5

Question 1

Sources of Mutations

Answer 1

1. Inherited
2. Spontaneous:
   a. DNA replication errors
   b. Environmental factors
   c. Completely random

Question 2

Mutations Effects on DNA

Answer 2

1. Point mutation

2. Frameshift mutation (Insertion/Deletion)

Question 3

Mutation Effects on Protein

Answer 3

1. Missense Mutation (leads to change in amino acid)

2. Nonsense mutation leads to stop codon prematurely

Question 4

Missense Mutation

Answer 4

1. Silent mutation - Does not affect final amino acid
2. Conservative mutation - New amino acid is the same type as the previous one e.g. acid for acid
3. Non-conservative mutation - New amino acid of different type e.g. Serine for Phe

Question 5

Causes of Point mutation

Answer 5

Point mutations are caused by BASE SUBSTITUTION
1. Transition i.e. A->G or C->T (Change one purine for another purine or pyrimidine for another pyrimidine

2. Transversion i.e. A or G for C or T (Change purine for pyrimidine or vice-versa)
3. Mispairing mismatching

Question 6

Causes of Frame-shift Mutation

Answer 6

1. Insertion

2. Deletion

Question 7

Large Scale Mutations

Answer 7

1. Crossing over of non-homologous chromosomes
2. Inversion:
   a. Do not always affect individual nucleotides
   b. Affects mostly regulation of expression and what it codes for
   c. Position depends on regulation

Question 8

Mutagens and Classes

Answer 8

Chemical or Physical substance or event that can cause genetic mutations

a. Endogenous (internal) e.g : ROS (Cause breaks, or base modification)
b. Exogenous (External) e.g Intercalators and base analogues (e.g. Uracil -> 5-Bromouracil)

Question 9

5-Bromouracil

Answer 9

1. Ketoform - Binds adenine 9good)

2. Enol form - Binds Guanine (:-(

Question 10

Carcinogen

Answer 10

1. Can be mutagen or not.
2. Increase rate of cancer
   3, Can cause mutation or increase a protein rate

e.g: Tobacco, asbestos

Question 11

Complete Dominance

Answer 11

AB - A completely dominant over B

Question 12

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 12

A MIXTURE of the alleles in the GENOTYPE is seen in the Phenotype

Question 13

Co-Dominance

Answer 13

Both ALLELES in the genotype are seen in th ephenotype

Question 14

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 14

1. No selection
2. No mutation
3. Large Population
4. Net migration = 0
5. Random Mating

Question 15

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 15

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 16

Hersey-Chase

Answer 16

Sulphur and Phosphorous to determine DNA

Question 17

Genetic Recombination 1

Answer 17

1. Joining of homologous pair and form tetrad called synapsis
2. Product formed is the synaptomenal complex
3. Joined at the Chiasma and the result is crossing-over and recombination of genetic recombination

Question 18

Genetic Recombination 2

Answer 18

Know the following:
Single Crossing over
2 strand single crossver
3 strand double crossover, etc

Question 19

Pseudoautosomal region

Answer 19

These are regions on the X and Y where crossing over occurs but beyond those points, crossing over does not happen

Question 20

Gene Mapping

Answer 20

Higher the distances, the greater the recombination frequency

Question 21

Centimorgan

Answer 21

Distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant

E.g. 1 centimorgan = 1 %

Question 22

Extranuclear Inheritance

Answer 22

1. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

2. Maternal Inheritance (Mito. and chloroplast) does not follow Mendelian Inheritance. (Does not involve sperm and egg)

Question 23

Evolution

Answer 23

1. Small changes to POPULATION and NOT INDIVIDUALS over a long period of time

Question 24

Agents of Evolution

Answer 24

1. Natural Selection

2. Genetic Drift

Question 25

Natural Selection

Answer 25

1. Nature selects it. 2. Applies only to heritable traits and not teachable ones like saying hunting or fishing. 3. The basis that the better trait will survive longer and then pass it down. 4. Survival UNTIL reproduction

Question 26

Fitness

Answer 26

1. Refers to the organism's total ability to pass on traits to offsprings 2. Combination of ability to survive to the age of reproduction and actually be able to reproduce when it gets there.

Question 27

Fecundity

Answer 27

1. Refers to a description of how well a person can actually reproduce 2. How easy or often a person can reproduce or produce offspring 3. Direcrtly related to natual selection

Question 28

Alternatives to Natural Selection

Answer 28

1. Group Selection | 2. Artificial Selection

Question 29

Group Selection

Answer 29

1. Survival AFTER reproduction 2. Genetic traits that benefit the group as a whole will be naturally selected for even though they do not benefit the individual with the trait.

Question 30

Artifical Selection

Answer 30

Outside individual NOT nature can literally choose which traits will be passed on instead of it occurring naturally.

Question 31

Genetic Drift

Answer 31

1. Not the traits most necessarily fit that survive or are selected. 2. Random changes 3. CHanges in Heritable traits 4. More likely to happen to small populations

Question 32

Types of Genetic Drift that lead to extreme reduction in population

Answer 32

1. Bottleneck effect | 2. Founder effect

Question 33

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 33

1. Significant reduction in population | 2. Major disaster or event kills off population

Question 34

Founder Effect

Answer 34

1. Significant reduction in population | 2. Due to loss in variation in population (some go off somewhere and find a new population)

Question 35

Importance of Large Gene Pools

Answer 35

Good for a population because it allows to adapt to any changes in the environment

Question 36

Inbreeding

Answer 36

1. Groups of people will selectively have offspring with a smaller group within that population. E.g: distant relatives, etc.

Question 37

Concerns with Inbreeding

Answer 37

1. Some inbred population are more likely to have carriers or diseased people with diseases than the general population 2. Mostly concern with autosomal recessive because they go unnoticed than autosomal dominant

Question 38

How are species divided

Answer 38

By reproductive isolation

Question 39

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 39

1. Pre-zygotic | 2. Post-zygotic

Question 40

Pre-zygotic Definition

Answer 40

All the different forces that prevent two organisms from having offspring together that occurs prior to formation of zygote

Question 41

Post-zygotic Definition

Answer 41

All the different forces that arise after zygote forms

Question 42

Pre-zygotic Forms

Answer 42

1. Temporal or Habitat (Ecological) isolation 2. Behavioral isolation 3. Mechanical Isolation 4. Gametic Isolation

Question 43

Temporal/Habitat Isolation

Answer 43

1. Not all organisms mate at the same time a. Some at night/day or summer/winter b. If they do not find at the same time, they are temporarily isolated 2. Refers to place for reproduction and if not found, it could be isolated

Question 44

Behavioral Isolation

Answer 44

1. Mate selection; attract mates in different ways | 2. e.g. bird singing, dancing

Question 45

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 45

1. Mating is NOT possible e.g elephant and mouse

Question 46

Gametic Isolation

Answer 46

If they do mate, fusion of gamete to form zygotes is NOT possible

Question 47

Post-zygotic Forms

Answer 47

1. Post-zygotic mortality 2. Hybrid inviability 3. Hybrid sterility

Question 48

Post-zygotic mortality

Answer 48

1. Gametes fuse but zygote will still die and cannot develop to mature offspring

Question 49

Hybrid invariability

Answer 49

Zygote forms, grows to an offspring but cannot mature to an adult but dies off

Question 50

Hybrid sterility

Answer 50

Gamete fuses, zygote forms, develops into offspring and adult but cannot mate and form or reproduce on its own

Question 51

Species classification

Answer 51

If 2 sexually reproducing organisms are not isolated by any of these barriers, we say that they are the same species. Think ABOUT IT NOT JUST IMPOTENT PEOPLE BUT IF IT APPLIES TO ALL GROUPS