Review 14 Flashcards
Myelin
Protein + Phospholipids
Repolarization
K+ channel opens, K+ flows out of the cell
SAME DAVE
Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
Only one synaptic connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
Polysynaptic Reflex Arc
Interneuron in between motor and sensory nerves
CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain - Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts, and emotion.
Spinal Cord - Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities.
PNS
PNS -> Motor (CNS to muscles and glands) and Sensory (sensory organs to CNS) Neurons
Motor Neurons -> Somatic (Voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) System
Autonomic System -> Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Telencephalon
Upper End of the Brain Stem
Consists of two separate cerebral spheres
Thalamus
Sensory coordination, relay station for visual and auditory information, reticular activating device, wakefulness, arousal
Hypothalamus
Primitive emotions, autonomic function, hormone production and release, homeostasis temperature, pH, blood pressure, hormones, primitive emotions
Lateral Hypothalamus
Hunger and thirst center, triggers eating and drinking
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Provides signal to stop eating
Anterior
Controls Sexual Behavior
Pituitary Gland
Master endocrine Gland
Pineal body
Biological rhythms, secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms
Cerebrum
Right and left hemispheres: higher conscious thought and intellectual function
Frontal Lobe
Movement, personality, complex reasoning and problem-solving
Prefrontal Cortex
Executive function and supervising other brain regions associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control and long term planning.
Association Area
An area that integrates input from diverse brain regions
Projection Area
Perform simple perceptual and motor tasks
Motor Cortex
Initiates motor movements, a projection area
Brocas Area
Important for speech production
Parietal
Processing sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration), gustation (taste0
Somatosensory
Somatosensation, destination for incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Central Region
Proprioception, spatial processing and manipulation (ex map reading)
Occipital
Vision, contains visual cortex
Temporal
Hearing and smell, short term memory, language comprehension, emotion
Auditory Cortex
Sound processing, including speech and music
Wernicke’s area
Language comprehension and reception
LEft and Right
Left usually dominant speech writing, and reading
Right - music, visual spatial reasoning, and emotional interpretation
Basal Nuclei
Composed of grey matter and deep within the cerebral hemispheres and control voluntary movement, procedural learning related to habits, inhibit excessive motion. While Cerebral cortex initiate motion
Limbic System: Septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus
Limbic System - important in emotion an dmemory
Septal nuclei - Pleasure center of the brain and is associated with addictive behavior
Amygdala - Defensive and aggressive behaviors including fear and rage
Hippocampus - Learning and memory process
Damge causes anterograde amnesia - not being able to establish new memories but older memories are intact
Opposite of retrograde amnesia - Loss of memories from events before injury
Midbrain
Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation
Hindbrain
Rhombencephalon, brainstem, support vital bodily processes
Cerebellum
Coordinates complex movements, hand eye coordination, balance
Pons
Relays information from forebrain to cerebellum. Transfers motor commands. Roles in
sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, eye movements, posture, facial sensations and expressions.
Medulla
Autonomic functions: digestion, vomiting, heart rate, breathing and blood pressure
Spinal Cord Function
Simple Reflexes
- Controls simple stretch and tendon reflexes
- Controls primitive processes such as walking, urination and sex organ function
Medulla Function
Involuntary Functions
- Controls autonomic processes such as blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, respiration rate, swallowing, vomiting
- Controls reflex reactions such as coughing or sneezing
- Relays information to the cerebellum and the thalamus
Pons Function
Relay Station and Balance
- Controls antigravity posture and balance
- Connects the spinal cord and medulla with upper regions of the brain
- Relays information to the cerebellum and thalamus
Cerebellum Function
Movement and Coordination
- Integrating center
- Coordination of complex movement, balance and posture, muscle tone, and spatial equilibrium
Midbrain Function
Eye Movement
- Integration of visual and auditory information
- Visual and auditory reflexes
- Wakefulness and consciousness
- Coordinates information on posture and muscle tone
Thalamus Function
Integrating Center and relay station
- Relay center for somatic (conscious) sensation
- Relays information between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus Function
Homeostasis and behavior
- controls homeostatic functions (such as temperature regulation, fluid balance, appetite) through both neural and hormonal regulation.
- Controls primitive emotions such as anger, rage, and sex drive
- Controls the pituitary gland
Pineal Body
Biological rhythms
- secretes a hormone called melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms.
- receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight. Diencephalon
Basal Nuclei
Movement
- regulates body movement and muscle tone
- coordinates learned movement patterns
- General pattern of rhythm movements (such as controlling the cycle of arm and leg movements when walking)
- subconscious adjustments of conscious movements
- Parkinson disease, Schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive disorder is due to malfunctioning basal ganglia
Limbic System
Emotion, memory, and learning
- Controls emotional states, aggression, pain and fear
- links conscious and unconscious portions of the brain
- helps with memory storage and retrieval
Cerebral Cortex
Perception, skeletal muscle movement, memory, attention, thought, language, and consciousness
- Divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) with specialized sub functions
- conscious thought process and planning, awareness and sensation
- perception and processing of the special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch)
- intellectual function (intelligence, learning, reading, communication)
- abstract thought and reasoning
- memory storage and retrieval
- initiation and coordination of voluntary movement
- complex motor patterns
- language (speech production and understanding)
- Personality
Corpus Callosum
Connection
- Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Vagus Nerve
parasympathetic effect on GI system and heart (increase GI activity, decrease heart rate)
