Review 2

Question 1

Titration Indicators

Answer 1

1. Methylated pH - 4.4-6.2 (~4-6)
2. Bromothymol blue - 6.0-7.6 (~6-8)
3. Phenolphthalein - 8.2-10 (~8-10)

Question 2

Formula for pI

Answer 2

pI = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2

Question 3

2 Ways to make a buffer

Answer 3

1. Adding weak acid and weak base in equal amounts

2. Partially titrating weak acid with half strong base or partially titrating weak base with half strong acid

Question 4

Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

Answer 4

BA - Proton donor

BB - Proton acceptor

Question 5

Lewis Acid and Base

Answer 5

LA - Electron pair acceptor

LB - Electron pair donor

Question 6

Amphoteric

Answer 6

Acid and Base consecutive properties

Question 7

Amphipathic

Answer 7

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

Question 8

Strong Acids

Answer 8

HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, HI, HBr, and HClO4

Question 9

Strong Bases

Answer 9

NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2

Question 10

Acidity with Ka and pKa

Answer 10

Lower the pKa, the higher the acidity. The higher the Ka, the higher the acidity

Question 11

Basicity with Kb and pKb

Answer 11

Lower the pKb, the higher the basicity. The higher the Kb, the higher the basicity

Question 12

Relationship between Ka and Kb

Answer 12

Ka*Kb = Kw

pKa + pKb = 14

Question 13

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

Answer 13

pH = pKa + Log[A-]/[HA]

Question 14

Arrhenius Acid

Answer 14

Yields H3O+ when added to H2O

Question 15

Arrhenius base

Answer 15

Yields OH- when added to H2O

Question 16

Carboxylic acids/Carboxylates

Answer 16

RCOOH/RCOO-

Question 17

Alkyl ammoniums/alkylamines

Answer 17

RNH3+/RNH2

Question 18

Phenols/Phenoxides

Answer 18

C6H5OH/C6H5O-

Question 19

Carbonic acid/Bicarbonate

Answer 19

H2CO3/HCO3-

Question 20

Phosphoric acid/dihydrogen phosphate

Answer 20

HPO4/H2PO4

Question 21

Non-metal hydroxides Type of Acid

Answer 21

Lewis Acids

Question 22

Non-metal Oxides type of Acid

Answer 22

Bronsted-Lowry Acids

Question 23

Metal hydroxides Type of Base

Answer 23

Lewis Base

Question 24

Metal Oxides type of Base

Answer 24

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Question 25

Polyprotic Acids

Answer 25

The first proton is more acidic than the second one removed pKa1 < pKa2: 1. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) 2. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 3. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

Question 26

Water and measurement of strong acid strength

Answer 26

Water cannot be used as a solvent since it goes to completion as it protonates fully from the strong acid SOLUTION: Use a base weaker than the water as the standard solvent

Question 27

Water and measurement of weak acid strength

Answer 27

Weak acids are relatively stable because they do not easily deprotonate because it is their stable form. SOLUTION: Water can be used here

Question 28

Halides and Electronegativity and Acidity

Answer 28

Halides size is not important. Electronegativity is more important

Question 29

RNA Virus Peculiarity

Answer 29

1. They store genetic information as RNA 2. They can replicate their RNA 3. They can use their RNA as mRNA for translation

Question 30

Epigenetics and Method

Answer 30

Heritable changes in traits (DNA) without changing the sequence of DNA e.g: 1. DNA methylation 2. Histone modification

Question 31

Another name of Peptide Bond

Answer 31

Nucleophilic addition-elimination Reaction

Question 32

Methods for breaking peptide bonds

Answer 32

1. Acid hydrolysis (strong acids with heat) | 2. Proteolysis (uses protease)

Question 33

Acid Hydrolysis vs. Proteolysis

Answer 33

Former is non-specific and latter is specific

Question 34

Peculiarity of Histidine, Proline, Glycine, and Cysteine

Answer 34

Histidine - pKa 6.5~7 Proline - R ring Glycine - H instead of R and achiral Cysteine - Can be reduced/oxidized (disulfide bonds)

Question 35

Cell and Redox Reactions

Answer 35

Extracellular = Oxidizing environment and Intracellular = Reducing environment

Question 36

Trick for Naming Land D of Amino acids with Fischer Projections

Answer 36

Look at the location of the amino group on the horizontal line

Question 37

Isoelectric point (pI) and Buffer

Answer 37

- Point along the pH scale in which it exists in its neutral form - Personal thought is to use pI to predict the next pH change I think neutrality

Question 38

Factors on Protein Folding

Answer 38

1. Temperature - (Destroys 2, 3, and 4) but not 1 (think of eggs 2. pH - breaks ionic bonds 3. Chemicals - break H-bonds 4. Enzymes - Break covalent bonds (1)

Question 39

Folding Levels

Answer 39

1. 1' - Sequence (peptide bonds) 2. 2' - Backbone interactions (H-bonds) 3. 3' Distant interactions (VD, H, Hydrophobic, Disulfide bonds) 4. 4' - Subunit Same as 3'

Question 40

Ribose, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, and Mannose Trick

Answer 40

``` Ribose - All Right Glucose - Left Fuck Frustose - Ketose Mannose - Left Gun Galactose - C4 Epimer of glucose ```

Question 41

Lactose, Maltose, and Sucrose

Answer 41

1. Lactose - Galactose and Glucose (Reducing sugar becasue of hemiacetal) 2. Maltose - Glucose * 2 (Reducing sugar like lactose) 3. Sucrose - Glucose and Fructose (Non-reducing sugar because of acetal)

Question 42

Branched Polysaccharide of Glucose

Answer 42

Glucose and Amylopectin

Question 43

How do the DNA strands know to orient themselves?

Answer 43

1. -ve charges of Phosphate are moving away from each other (repulsion) 2. N-bases want to be close because of H-bonds

Question 44

Methods of Enzyme Works

Answer 44

1. Acid/Base Catalysis - H+ 2. Covalent modification - e- 3. Electrostatic Catalysis - + and - 4. Proximity and Orientation Effects

Question 45

Types of Enzymes

Answer 45

1. Transferase 2. Ligase 3. Oxidoreductase 4. Isomerase 5. Hydrolase 6. Lyase - Does not use redox or water to break bonds. Forms rings or double bonds

Question 46

Co-enzymes

Answer 46

1. They are organic carrier molecules (NAD+, acetyl-coA)

Question 47

Co-factors

Answer 47

Help enzyme with catalysis and actually take part in catalysis e.g Magnesium with DNA (+ and -)

Question 48

Two particular environments that alter Enzyme function

Answer 48

pH and Temperature

Question 49

Assumptions made in Enzyme Kinetics

Answer 49

1. Solutions are behaving ideally E + S ES E + P 2. Constants are indeed constant [E] - Protein synthesis and degradation K - Environmental factors 3. S -> P without enzyme is negligible

Question 50

Michaelis-Menton Equation

Answer 50

V0 = Vmax[S]/(Km+[S])

Question 51

V0

Answer 51

Vmax/2

Question 52

Catalytic Efficiency

Answer 52

Kcat/Km

Question 53

Kcat

Answer 53

Turnover number - How many can it make into products in one sec Vmax/Et