Review Flashcards
Cardiac markers:
AMI:
Myoglobin, Troponin I & T, CK-MB
Cardiac markers:
CHF:
BNP
What is a very reliable cardiac marker?
troponin
Cardiac markers:
_____________ is cleared first because it is filtered through the kidneys.
myoglobin
Diagnosis of AMI:
-not specific to cardiac tissue – found in various other tissues as well
-Rises about 4-8 hours after infarction
Peaks at 12-24 hours
Elevated LDH
Diagnosis of AMI:
heart specific
Rises about 4-8 hours after infarction
Peaks at 12-24 hours
CK-MB
Diagnosis of AMI:
Following AMI, levels begin to rise 306 hours
Peak at 14-24 hours
Return to normal in 5-10 days
Troponins
Diagnosis of AMI:
FOR EARLY DETECTION of AMI – leaks 1-3 hours of onset
Peak is reached 5-12 hours
Myoglobin
-(non-specific)
What vitamins function as hormones?
(Vit A & D)
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A, E, D, and K***
-Absorbed as part of the chylomicron
What is the name for vitamin E?
Tocopherol
-alpha form is most studied
-Antioxidant
-Protects cell membrane (RBC) from oxidation of lipids in the membrane
-Therapeutically to prevent hemolytic anemia (Premature newborns)
-Anti-aging, cardio and neuro protection
Vit. E
What is the name for vitamin K?
Hydroquinone
What coagulation factors require vitamin K?
II, VII, IX, X, protein C & S
What is the name for Vit. D3?
D2?
Cholecalciferol
Calciferol (dietary form)
What is the function of vit. D?
Calcitriol enhances Ca2+ uptake from the GI and increases the release of Ca2+ from bone into blood.
What does Vit. D deficiencies cause?
Bone malformations → Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Involved in catecholamine synthesis: tyrosine conversion to the catecholamines via dopamine B-hydroxylase. Adrenal (medulla) have much higher concentration
Vit. C
[Vit C]plasma <13uM
Impaired collagen synthesis
Breakdown of connective tissue (gum and tooth disease, bone disease, poor wound healing)
Symptoms: weakness, irritability, pains in joints/muscles
Bleeding into skin, GI tract and urinary tract
SCURVY
What is Riboflavin called?
(FMN, FAD+)
Serves as a cofactor in a variety of oxidative reactions:
-Fatty acid oxidation
-TCA cycle reactions
-Oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain
-Important in metabolism of iron, pyridoxine, and folic acid
-May help protect from oxidants
Riboflavin (FMN, FAD+)
Group of compounds structurally related to pyridoxal phosphate (P5P, PLP)
Functions:
-Important co-factors for catalysts in transamination (transferase) and decarboxylation of amine acids
-Active in >60 enzyme systems
Pyridoxine
-Coenzyme: the active cofactor forms: collectively called the ‘pyridine nucleotides’
-compound of the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+:
Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
NAD+ and NADP+: involved in oxidation-reduction reaction
Example: glutamate dehydrogenase, LDH and G6PDH
Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
Niacin deficiency causes a condition called _________.
pellagra
Early symptoms include lethargy, anorexia, weakness, digestive disturbances, weight loss, dermatitis
Late symptoms: Include mucus membrane inflammation
Result in diarrhea, urethritis, and vaginitis
Mental disturbances with disorientation
**Pellagra is sometimes hallmarked by the ‘3 D’s- …
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia’
What is the name for B1?
Thiamine
it is a cofactor in enzymatic decarboxylation of ketoacids in the formation of ketols
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
What is the name for B7?
Biotin
________ is heat sensitive and poorly soluble in water.
Biotin
What is the name for B3/B5?
Pantothenic acid
Involved in fatty acid metabolism
Pantothenic acid (B3/B5)
What is the name for B12?
Cobalamin
What is the name for Folic acid?
pteroylglutamic acid
What is the name for bt?
Carnitine
