EXAM B Flashcards
Uric acid is the result of the catabolism of __________.
Purines
-purines will be excreted out as uric acid.
The final step of the process of going from purine to uric acid is the conversion of _________→ uric acid with the use of ________ oxidase.
xanthine
xanthine
The amount of purine catabolism is _________ proportional to the amount of uric acid produced.
directly
Primary or secondary gout?
-Excess store of uric acid by overproduction/underexcretion/overconsumption of purines
-Leads to increased uric acid in serum that overwhelms kidney excretion mechanisms.
-Decreased excretion causes deposition of uric acid crystals in joints → causing gout.
Primary
Primary or secondary gout?
-Underexcretion of uric acid caused by primary disorder (alcoholism, drugs, lead poisoning, renal failure/insufficiency) leads to elevated serum levels
Secondary
conditions and disease states associated with increased uric acid?
-leukemia
-polycythemia
-glomerulonephritis
-multiple myeloma
-Lesch-Nyhan
Why is uric acid increased with polycythemia?
-Excessive proliferation of RBC precursors and associated excess purine metabolism produces high amounts of uric acid in serum.
-Increased blood viscosity in polycythemia may also contribute to decreased filtration of uric acid and elevated levels in serum.
Why is uric acid increased with leukemia?
-High purine catabolism in increased turnover of hematopoietic cancer cells produces high amounts of uric acid → Elevates serum uric acid levels.
Why is uric acid increased with Glomerulonephritis?
-Uric acid is a proinflammatory trigger.
-High levels in serum are associated with glomerulonephritis by activating inflammation.
Why is uric acid increased in Multiple Myeloma?
-High purine catabolism in increased turnover of plasma cancer cells produces high amounts of uric acid → Elevates serum uric acid levels.
Why is uric acid increased in Lesch-Nyhan?
-Disease characterized by neurologic symptoms and hyperuricemia.
-Congenital deficiency of HPRT enzyme which functions in recycling purines leads to increased purine synthesis and breakdown to uric acid
-Elevating serum uric acid levels.
______________ increases specificity for potassium ion
Valinomycin
-K+: ISE method using valinomycin membrane to selectively bind K+
Creatinine is formed from what two things in the muscle?
creatine and creatine-phosphate
Creatinine is released at a constant rate in the plasma relating directly to….
muscle mass
Creatinine can be measured through plasma creatinine which is ___________ related to the GFR as a good estimate.
inversely
Jaffe reaction is used for…
by using…
creatinine
Alkaline picrate
Multiple Myeloma is associated with Ig_-…
IgG-Lambda
What is the order of protein electrophoresis?
albumin, a1, a2, gamma
Serum electrophoresis:
If using acidic buffer, sample is loaded where?
the middle.
What could cause elevated alpha fetal protein?
(AFP) is produced during pregnancy, but can be elevated due to germ cell cancers. (liveroma?)
__________ is related to acetaminophen and liver toxification.
ammonia
What type of bulb is used for spectrophotometers?
tungsten bulb
if you want your proteins to move slower in electrophoresis, you alter the…
a. Ion buffer
b. Current
c. Voltage
Voltage!
What are the units used for Creatinine clearance?
mL/min
How do you calculate creatine clearance without correction for BSA?
urine concentration multiped by urine volume
divided by plasma concentration
This answer multiplied by 1.73
What is average Creatinine clearance reference values?
90-120 mL/min
What is A/G ratio?
ratio of albumin to globulin (g/dl)
A/G ratio:
What would cause the albumin to increase?
dehydration
normal range for A/G ratio?
1.0-2.5
A/G ratio is used diagnostically for…
in liver function tests, immunological disorders, malnutrition, and dehydration.
What pathology has to do with increased serum creatinine?
muscle disease
What heart enzymes rise first?
myoglobin, then CK, then troponin
What is zero-order kinetics?
independent of enzyme (substrate) concentration
What is the most specific cardiac marker?
Troponin
-Troponin I is better than CK-MB because it is more sensitive and more specific for myocardial injury.
What is seen on an SPE with nephrotic syndrome?
Increased alpha 2 and decrease albumin
What’s the enzyme deficiency for PKU
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
What condition is associated with hyperuricemia
Renal disease
What is osmolality measuring?
The number of particles in the solution
What are colligative properties?
Number of solute particles compared to the number of solution particles
Oxidation is the ______ of electrons at the ________
loss, anode
Beer’s Law:
What is the correlation of conc. to absorbance?
directly proportional
What is Beer’s Law?
A = εbc
where ε is the molar absorptivity of the absorbing species, b is the path length, and c is the concentration of the absorbing species.
(b= 1 cubic cm)
known standard and abs to calculate ε & calculate an unknown concentration
Beer’s Law
Normal range for serum protein
6-8 g/dl
After 12 hours from myocardial injury, troponin will be…
elevated
After 12 hours from myocardial injury, myoglobin will be…
elevated
