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Clinical Chemistry II - 4378 > EXAM B > Flashcards

EXAM B Flashcards

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1
Q

Uric acid is the result of the catabolism of __________.

A

Purines

-purines will be excreted out as uric acid.

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2
Q

The final step of the process of going from purine to uric acid is the conversion of _________→ uric acid with the use of ________ oxidase.

A

xanthine

xanthine

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3
Q

The amount of purine catabolism is _________ proportional to the amount of uric acid produced.

A

directly

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4
Q

Primary or secondary gout?

-Excess store of uric acid by overproduction/underexcretion/overconsumption of purines
-Leads to increased uric acid in serum that overwhelms kidney excretion mechanisms.
-Decreased excretion causes deposition of uric acid crystals in joints → causing gout.

A

Primary

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5
Q

Primary or secondary gout?

-Underexcretion of uric acid caused by primary disorder (alcoholism, drugs, lead poisoning, renal failure/insufficiency) leads to elevated serum levels

A

Secondary

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6
Q

conditions and disease states associated with increased uric acid?

A

-leukemia
-polycythemia
-glomerulonephritis
-multiple myeloma
-Lesch-Nyhan

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7
Q

Why is uric acid increased with polycythemia?

A

-Excessive proliferation of RBC precursors and associated excess purine metabolism produces high amounts of uric acid in serum.
-Increased blood viscosity in polycythemia may also contribute to decreased filtration of uric acid and elevated levels in serum.

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7
Q

Why is uric acid increased with leukemia?

A

-High purine catabolism in increased turnover of hematopoietic cancer cells produces high amounts of uric acid → Elevates serum uric acid levels.

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8
Q

Why is uric acid increased with Glomerulonephritis?

A

-Uric acid is a proinflammatory trigger.
-High levels in serum are associated with glomerulonephritis by activating inflammation.

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9
Q

Why is uric acid increased in Multiple Myeloma?

A

-High purine catabolism in increased turnover of plasma cancer cells produces high amounts of uric acid → Elevates serum uric acid levels.

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10
Q

Why is uric acid increased in Lesch-Nyhan?

A

-Disease characterized by neurologic symptoms and hyperuricemia.
-Congenital deficiency of HPRT enzyme which functions in recycling purines leads to increased purine synthesis and breakdown to uric acid
-Elevating serum uric acid levels.

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11
Q

______________ increases specificity for potassium ion

A

Valinomycin

-K+: ISE method using valinomycin membrane to selectively bind K+

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12
Q

Creatinine is formed from what two things in the muscle?

A

creatine and creatine-phosphate

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13
Q

Creatinine is released at a constant rate in the plasma relating directly to….

A

muscle mass

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13
Q

Creatinine can be measured through plasma creatinine which is ___________ related to the GFR as a good estimate.

A

inversely

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14
Q

Jaffe reaction is used for…

by using…

A

creatinine

Alkaline picrate

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15
Q

Multiple Myeloma is associated with Ig_-…

A

IgG-Lambda

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16
Q

What is the order of protein electrophoresis?

A

albumin, a1, a2, gamma

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17
Q

Serum electrophoresis:

If using acidic buffer, sample is loaded where?

A

the middle.

18
Q

What could cause elevated alpha fetal protein?

A

(AFP) is produced during pregnancy, but can be elevated due to germ cell cancers. (liveroma?)

19
Q

__________ is related to acetaminophen and liver toxification.

A

ammonia

20
Q

What type of bulb is used for spectrophotometers?

A

tungsten bulb

21
Q

if you want your proteins to move slower in electrophoresis, you alter the…
a. Ion buffer
b. Current
c. Voltage

A

Voltage!

22
Q

What are the units used for Creatinine clearance?

A

mL/min

23
Q

How do you calculate creatine clearance without correction for BSA?

A

urine concentration multiped by urine volume

divided by plasma concentration

This answer multiplied by 1.73

24
Q

What is average Creatinine clearance reference values?

A

90-120 mL/min

25
Q

What is A/G ratio?

A

ratio of albumin to globulin (g/dl)

26
Q

A/G ratio:

What would cause the albumin to increase?

A

dehydration

27
Q

normal range for A/G ratio?

A

1.0-2.5

28
Q

A/G ratio is used diagnostically for…

A

in liver function tests, immunological disorders, malnutrition, and dehydration.

29
Q

What pathology has to do with increased serum creatinine?

A

muscle disease

30
Q

What heart enzymes rise first?

A

myoglobin, then CK, then troponin

31
Q

What is zero-order kinetics?

A

independent of enzyme (substrate) concentration

32
Q

What is the most specific cardiac marker?

A

Troponin

-Troponin I is better than CK-MB because it is more sensitive and more specific for myocardial injury.

33
Q

What is seen on an SPE with nephrotic syndrome?

A

Increased alpha 2 and decrease albumin

34
Q

What’s the enzyme deficiency for PKU

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

35
Q

What condition is associated with hyperuricemia

A

Renal disease

36
Q

What is osmolality measuring?

A

The number of particles in the solution

37
Q

What are colligative properties?

A

Number of solute particles compared to the number of solution particles

38
Q

Oxidation is the ______ of electrons at the ________

A

loss, anode

39
Q

Beer’s Law:

What is the correlation of conc. to absorbance?

A

directly proportional

40
Q

What is Beer’s Law?

A

A = εbc

where ε is the molar absorptivity of the absorbing species, b is the path length, and c is the concentration of the absorbing species.

(b= 1 cubic cm)

41
Q

known standard and abs to calculate ε & calculate an unknown concentration

A

Beer’s Law

42
Q

Normal range for serum protein

A

6-8 g/dl

43
Q

After 12 hours from myocardial injury, troponin will be…

A

elevated

44
Q

After 12 hours from myocardial injury, myoglobin will be…

A

elevated

45
Q
A

Clinical Chemistry II - 4378 (28 decks)

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