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Clinical Chemistry II - 4378 > Other hormones > Flashcards

Other hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Insulin

A
  • Produced by the pancreatic β cells
  • Helps regulate blood glucose levels by LOWERING blood glucose levels.
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2
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Produced by the pancreatic α cells
  • Helps regulate blood glucose levels by RAISING blood glucose levels.
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3
Q

Insulin

A

hypoglycemic agent

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4
Q

❖The following hormones RAISE blood glucose levels:

A
  • Glucagon
  • Cortisol
  • Epinepherine
  • Thyroxine
  • GH/somatotropin
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5
Q

Mature Insulin

A
  • Insulin start as the single chain Proinsulin
  • Poly peptide with two subunits (α&β)
  • During Storage, C-peptide is removed
  • No evidence for cleavage after secretion
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6
Q

Stimuli for Insulin secretion

A
  1. Blood Glucose
  2. Amino acids: All AA are not equal, Arginine is best
  3. Autonomic influences: vagal stimulation increases insulin secretion
  4. Paracrine or Intra Islet Control: Somatostain (δ cell) inhibits the secretion of both
    insulin and glucagon.
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7
Q

Effects of Insulin

A
  1. Transport of Glucose into cells by facilitate diffusion
  2. Glucose utilization
  3. Glycogen synthesis
  4. AA transport by an active transport mechanism
  5. Protein synthesis
  6. FA transport
  7. Lipogenesis
  8. K+ & Mg++ transport
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8
Q

Tissue-specific effects of Insulin

A

❖Muscle: stimulate glycogen & protein synthesis
❖Adipose: stimulate lipogenesis & inhibits lipolysis
❖Liver: stimulate glycogen synthesis (first), then lipogenesis

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9
Q

Stimuli for the release of glucagon

A
  1. Plasma glucose:
  2. Amino acid: An increased plasma amino acid stimulates an
    increase in glucagon release.
  3. Autonomic nervous system
  4. Circulating ketones
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10
Q

Effects of glucagon

A
  1. Glycogenolysis (primarily in liver)
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Hormone sensitive lipase
  4. Stimulate insulin release
  5. Has inotropic effect on the heart
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11
Q

Serotonin Active form

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

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12
Q

Serotonin serves as a

A

Neurotransmittor and as * as a modulator of vascular & GI functions

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13
Q

Serotonin is produced

A

Serotonin produced in the:
* Intestinal enterochromaffin cells
* In the central/peripheral neurons.

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14
Q

Serotonin is deaminated to

A

Serotonin is deaminated to 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid (5-HIAA)
which is the main urinary excretion product of serotonin
metabolism.

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15
Q

Gastrin Produced and stored mainly by

A
  • the endocrine cells of the antral (pyloric)
    mucosa (Stomach)
  • the proximal Duodenum (to a lesser
    extent)
  • the cells of the Pancreatic islets.
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16
Q

Gastrin is transported via

A

transported via the blood through the liver
to the parietal cells of the stomach.

17
Q

Gastrin functions

A
  • Stimulates secretion of gastric acid,
  • Stimulates secretion of gastric pepsinogens & intrinsic factor (IF),
  • ## Stimulates secretion of pancreatic HCO3, enzymes, and hepatic bile,
  • Increases gastric/intestinal motility,
  • Mucosal growth
  • Blood flow to the stomach.
18
Q

Gastrin

Zollinger-Ellson syndrome

A

a condition in which there is increased production of the Gastrin.
* A small tumor (gastrinoma) in the pancreas or small intestine
produces the high levels of gastrin in the blood

19
Q

Sex steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, testes and adrenal
glands.
Once in the blood, they reversibly bind to sex-hormone binding
globulin (SHBG)
Roughly 1-2% of the sex hormones are in the free form.

20
Q

Estrogens subtypes

A
  • Estradiol (E2): predominant estrogen in non pregnant females
  • Estrone (E1): metabolic product of estradiol
  • Estriol (E3): only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy.
21
Q

Estrogens are

A

steroid sex hormones derived from the ovarian follicle &
adrenal glands

22
Q

Estrogens function

A
  • Estrogens promote the secondary sexual characteristic changes in the
    female
    !hair distribution, fat distribution, breast development
  • Estrogens responsible for the follicular phase changes in the uterus.
23
Q

Estrogen has what effect

A

Estrogen has local effect
that improve growth follicular cell

24
Q

LH

A
25
Q

FSH

A
26
Q

Progesterone is involved in the

A

involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
embryogenesis

27
Q

Progesterone is what type of hormone.

A

Progesterone is a steroid hormone (C-21)

28
Q

Progesterone is primarily a and is seen in very high levels in

A

Primarily a female sex hormone (corpus luteum)
❖Very high levels seen in pregnancy (due to placental synthesis) which
helps suppress pituitary hormones to prevent menstruation during
pregnancy

29
Q

Progesterone functions

A
  • Growth & Vascularization of uterine lining in preparation for
    implantation of a fertilized ovum.
    involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
    embryogenesis
    Often measured with LH, FSH, Estrogen, and Prolactin to evaluate female infertility and
    dysmenorrhea
30
Q

Androgens are

A

Adrenal androgens are steroid sex hormones synthesized from
cholesterol by the adrenal cortex and testes.

aka Testosterone

31
Q

Androgens

Testosterone is what androgen cell

A

the chief male androgen (testes) / (adrenal gland, 5%)
* production increases at puberty

32
Q

Androgens function

Testosterone

A
  • Maturation of secondary sexual characteristics
    ! muscles & bone development, deep voice, hair distribution
  • Male reproductive system
  • Genital, prostate, and larynx including hypertrophy of larynx
  • initiation of spermatogenesis.
33
Q

HCG test

A

Serum or Urine β-hCG tests for presence of placenta
= pregnancy test
* HCG is a dipeptide hormone; the α peptide is the similar to LH,
TSH, FSH and other hormones, but the β peptide is unique;
∴ use immunoassay whose antibody is specific for the β peptide.
❖During the first trimester, serum hCG level doubles every 2 days
reflecting growth and healthy development of the placenta.

34
Q

HCG test

what stays constant

Increase in Beta HCG in the absence of pregnancy indicates what

A

Tumors

Clinical Chemistry II - 4378 (28 decks)

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