EXAM D Flashcards
name for vitamin B1?
Thiamine
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
Name for Vit. D?
calciferol, calcitriol, 1,25-dihydrocyvitamin D
what is the name for vit. E?
tocopherol and tocotrienol
what is the name for vit. K?
phytomenadione or vit. K hydroquinone
what is B1?
thiamine
active form: thiamine pyrophosphate (TTP)
what is B2?
riboflavin
active form: FMN/FMH2 or FAD/FADH2
What is B3?
niacin
NAD+ or NADH or NADP+ NADPH
What is B5?
panthothenic acid
active form panthenol
what is B6?
pyridoxine
active form: pyridoxal phosphate
What is B7?
biotin
What is B9?
folate
active form: 5-Methyletrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) or folinic acid
What is B12?
cobalamin
active form: cobamamide Methylcobalamin
If a case involving a technologist is brought to court, the court must prove?
negligence according to new lab management first PP
How should you measure precision?
Test three known elevated samples
how will elevated thyroid (T4 and TSH) affect pregnancy?
-pregnancy and estrogen will increase T4 and TSH
-a normal pregnancy will have elevated T4 and normal TSH
Pregnancy: ⬆ estrogen → causes an ⬆ Thyroxine-Binding-Globulin (TBG) → causes an ⬆T4 activity but ⬇free T4 is seen (more hormones are bound to carrier protein)
In Hyperthyroidism → TSH levels ___________ and Free T4 __________
decrease, increase
In Pregnancy → TSH levels _______ and Free T4 _____.
normal-⬇
decreased
___________ can also be used when differentiating pregnancy and instances of autoimmune Hyperthyroidism like Graves Disease.
Antibody assays
________ Disease: most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (excessive production of TH and response of peripheral tissues to excess TH)
Graves
Autoimmune production of an AB that resembles TSH → Inappropriate stimulation of thyroid gland → uncontrolled ⬆ in secretion of T4 and T3 → Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
Beers law
unknown abs / standard absorbance
x STD conc.
*A = 2-log%T
FTI =
(T3 uptake x T4)/100
FTI measures unbound ______
TBG
Free thyroxine index:
T4 x T3 uptake
T3 uptake: measure of unbound TBG
Since > 99.9% of TH is bound to ________→ any alteration in thyroid-binding proteins can frequently lead to total T4/T3 levels out of range.
protein
Primary or Secondary hypothyroidism?
thyroid secretes insufficient T3 and T4
⬆ TSH and ⬇ T4 and T3 (+) autoantibody → Hashimotos
Primary
Primary or Secondary hypothyroidism?
Pituitary secretes insufficient TSH
⬇ TSH and ⬇ T4 and T3
secondary
Addisons or cushings disease?
Aldosterone ⬇
Cortisol ⬇
Na ⬇
Cl ⬇
Hb ⬇
Urinary steroids ⬇
Addison’s
Addisons or cushing’ disease?
Aldosterone ⬆
Cortisol ⬆(no diurnal variation)
Na ⬆
Cl ⬆
Glucose ⬆ (DM)
Urinary steroids ⬆
“Buffalo hump”
Cushing’s
_______ is more sensitive than the other catecholamine metabolites like metanephrine and normetanephrine.
VMA*
Catecholamines = ____ metabolite
VMA
monoamine that contains catechol and amine side chain
Catecholamine
Produces catecholamine by hydroxylation of _________ (eg. epinephrine or norepinephrine)
tyrosine
Functions of Catecholamine?
Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar
What is the stimulus for catecholamines?
Released in response to pain and emotional disturbance
Transported free in blood and regulated by feedback
Metabolites of catecholamines: target →
metanephrine and normetanephrine →
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) (enzyme: monoamine oxidase; MAO)
Cocain is metabolized by…
cholinesterase
What are the metabolites of cocaine?
benzoylecgonine (measure pts) and ecgonine methyl ester
Theophylline
is a __________.
bronchodilator
How to calculate coefficient variation
(std/mean) x 100
A peak blood level of theophylline is 5 at peak level and is 4.6 at trough level. What is the most likely explanation of this result?
Blood for peak level was drawn too soon
Patient has a history of miscarrage. The doc wants to find out how the fetus is doing. What is the best hormone to detect in the first trimester?
-Esterone
-Esterdiol
-Estertriol
Estertriol
Patient has hypertension and increased catecholamines, what could be the disorder?
Pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine producing tumors arising from the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma lead to the production and release of large quantities of…
catecholamine
Symptoms:
Headache, periodic sweating, hypertension
Know which drugs is used to correct heart irregularities
Quininone (quinidine)
After a drug was screened it goes to confirmation, What method would you do
HPLC with MS
Schillings test =
pernicious anemia if intrinsic factor fixes problem
proidone is prodrug of _________
phenobarbital
who manages waived tests?
CLIA
IF the patient has low cortisol and ACTH was given but the levels were still low what could be the cause?
Addisons
Which method separated analytes based on media and their solubility?
Chromatography
What is the purpose of nephelometry measuring at 90 degree angles
measure the size and number of scatter better… (light scatter)
