RETRIEVAL/FORGETTING/AMNESIA Flashcards
_ REHEARSAL IS NOT A VERY GOOD WAY TO GET INFORMATION INTO LTM, SINCE SAYING SOMETHING OVER AND OVER AGAIN GIVES ONLY ONE KIND OF RETRIEVAL CUE
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
A STIMULUS FOR REMEMBERING, THE SOUND OF THE WORD OR PHRASE
RETRIEVAL CUE
WHEN PEOPLE TRY TO REMEMBER A PIECE OF INFORMATION BY THINKING OF WHAT IT MEANS AND HOW IT FITS IN WITH WHAT THEY ALREADY KNOW, THEY ARE GIVING THEMSELVES _ FOR MEANING IN ADDITION TO THE SOUND
CUES (RETRIEVAL CUE)
THE MORE CUES STORE WITHA PIECE OF INFORMATION, THE _ THE RETRIEVAL OF THAT INFORMATION WILL BE
EASIER THE RETRIEVAL
1.RECALL
2.RECOGNITION
2 KINDS OF RETRIEVAL MEMORIES
_, MEMORIES ARE RETIEVED WITH FEW OR NO EXTERNAL CUES, SUCH AS FILLING IN THE BLANKS
RECALL
_, INVOLVES LOOKING AT OR HEARING INFORMATION AND MATCHING IT TO WHAT IS ALREADY IN MEMORY
RECOGNITION
“IT’S RIGHT ON THE TIP OF MY TONGUE”
RETRIEVAL FAILURE
WHEN PEOPLE FIND THEMSELVES STRUGGLING FOR AN ANSWER _ HAS FAILED (TEMPORARILY)
RECALL HAS FAILED
THE ANSWER SEEMS SO VERY CLOSE TO THE SURFACE OF CONSCIOUS THOUGHT THAT IT FEELS LIKE IT’S ON THE TIP OF THE TOUNGE
TIP OF THE TONGUE (TOP) PHENOMENON
PEOPLE MAY BE ABLE TO SAY HOW LONG THE WORD IS OR NAME LETTERS THAT START OR EVEN END THE WORD, THEY CAN’T RETRIEVE THE SOUND OR ACTUAL SPELLING OF THE WORD TO ALLOW IT TO BE PULLED INTO THE AUDITORY _ OF STM SO THAT IT CAN BE FULLY RETRIEVED.
AUDITORY “RECORDER” OF STM
PEOPLE MAY BE ABLE TO SAY HOW LONG THE WORD IS OR NAME LETTERS THAT START OR EVEN END THE WORD, THEY CAN’T RETRIEVE THE SOUND OR ACTUAL SPELLING OF THE WORD TO ALLOW IT TO BE PULLED INTO THE AUDITORY “RECORDER” OF STM SO THAT IT CAN BE FULLY RETRIEVED.
MEMORY PROBLEM THAT GETS MORE COMMON AS WE GET OLDER
FEATURE OF RECALL THAT’S OFTEN SUBJECT TO A KIND OF PREJUDICE OF MEMORY RETRIEVAL, INFORMATION AT THE BEGINING AND AT THE END TENDS TO BE REMEMBERED MORE EASILY AND ACCURATELY
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
SIMPLEST REASON WHY WE FORGET IS SOME THINGS NEVER GET _ IN THE FIRST PLACE
ENCODED
THE INFORMATION DIDN’T GET PAST INTO THE SENSORY MEMORY, THE FAILURE TO PROCESS INFORMATION INTO MEMORY
ENCODING FAILURE
1.MEMORY TRACE DECAY THEORY 2.INTERFERENCE THEORY
THEORIES IN FORGETTING
ONE OF THE OLDER THEORIES OF FORGETTING
MEMORY TRACE
A _ IS SOME PHYSICAL CHANGE IN THE BRAIN, PERHAPS IN THE NEURON OR IN THE ACTIVITY BETWEEN NEURONS, WHICH OCCURS WHEN A MEMORY IS FORMED
MEMORY TRACE
IF THE TRACES IN THE BRAIN ARE NOT USED IT MAY _ , FADING INTO NOTHING
DECAY (MEMORY TRACE)
WHEN REFERRING TO LTM, DECAY THEORY IS CALLED ? “USE IT OR LOSE IT”
DISUSE
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF LTM FORGETTING IS THAT ALTHOUGH MOST LONG-TERM MEMORIES MAY BE STORED MORE OR LESS PERMANENTLY INTHE BRAIN, THOSE MEMORIES MAY NOT ALWAYS BE ACCESSIBLE TO ATTEMPTED RETRIEVAL BECAUSE OTHER INFORMATION INTERFERES
INTERFERENCE THEORY
1.PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE 2.RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
2 INTEFERENCE
THE TENDENCY FOR OLDER OR PREVIOUSLY LEARNED MATERIAL TO INTERFERE WITH THE LEARNING (AND SUBSEQUENT RETRIEVAL) OF NEW MATERIAL
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
WHEN NEWER INFORMATION INTERFERES WITH THE RETRIEVAL OF OLDER INFORMATION
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
“WITHOUT MEMORY, LOSS OF MEMORY FROM THE POINT OF INJURY BACKWARDS
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
PEOPLE IN ACCIDENTS RECEIVED A HEAD INJURY AND UNABLE TO RECALL THE ACCIDENT ITSELF, THEY CAN;T REMEMBER THE LAST SEVERAL HOURS OR EVEN DAYS BEFORE THE ACCIDENT
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
_ CAN ALSO CAUSE A MORE TEMPORARY VERSION OF THE KIND OF AMNESIA (ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA)
CONCUSSIONS
THE LOSS OF MEMORIES FROM THE POINT OF INJURY OR ILLNESS FORWARD
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
PEOPLE WITH THIS KIND OF AMNESIA HAVE DIFFICULTY REMEMBERING ANYTHING NEW
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
A KIND OF AMNESIA MOST OFTEN SEEN IN PEOPLE WITH SENILE DEMENTIA
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
MENTAL DISORDER IN WHICH SEVERE FORGETFULNESS, MENTAL CONFUSION, AND MOOD SWING ARE THE PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
SENILE DEMENTIA
_ DISEASE, THE PRIMARY MEMORY PROBLEM, AT LEAST IN THE BEGINNING IS ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
ALZHEIMERS’S DISEASE
MEMORY LOSS MAY BE RATHER MILD AT FIRST BUT BECOMES MORE SEVERE OVER TIME, CAUSING THE PERSON TO BECOME MORE AND MORE FORGETFUL ABOUT EVERYDAY TASKS
ALZHEIMERS’S DISEASE
AS _ DISEASE PROGRESSES, MEMORIES OF THE PAST SEEM TO BEGIN “ERASING” AS RETROGRADE AMNESIA ALSO TAKES HOLD
ALZHEIMERS’S DISEASE
A COSTLY DISEASE TO CARE FOR, AND CAREGIVERS OFTEN FACE SEVERE EMOTIONAL AND FINANCIAL BURDENS IN CARING FOR A LOVED ONE WHO’S SLOWLY BECOMING A STRANGER
ALZHEIMERS’S DISEASE
EARLIEST MEMORY, ONE CAN’T REMEMBER MUCH THAT HAPPENED BEFORE AGE _
3
_ AMNESIA INVOLVES THE TYPE OF MEMORY THAT EXIST IN THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, WHEN A CHILD IS STILL CONSIDERED AN INFANT
INFANTILE AMNESIA
EARLY MEMORIES ARE IMPLICIT OR EXPLICIT?
IMPLICIT
_ MEMORIES ARE DIFFICULT TO BRING TO CONSCIOUSNESS
IMPLICIT MEMORIES
_ MEMORIES ARE MORE VERBAL AND CONSCIOUS FORM OF MEMORY, DOESN’T DEVELOP UNTIL AFTER ABOUT AGE 2, WHEN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS MORE FULLY DEVELOPED AND LANGUAGE SKILLS BLOSSOM
EXPLICIT MEMORIES
UNTIL WHAT AGE THE HIPPOCAMOUS IS MORE FULLY DEVELOPED AND LANGUAGE SKILL BLOSSOM
AFTER AGE OF 2
