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INTROPSY FINALS > COGNITION: INSIGHT, INTELLIGENCE > Flashcards

COGNITION: INSIGHT, INTELLIGENCE Flashcards

1
Q

When the solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind

A

Insight

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2
Q

In humans, insight often takes the form of an _ moment-the solution seems to come in a flash.

A

“aha!” moment

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3
Q

A person may realize that this problem is similar to another one that he or she already knows how to solve or might see that an object can be used for a different purpose than its original one.

A

Insight

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4
Q
  • Functional Fixednes
  • Mental Sets
  • Confirmation Bias
A

3 Problems with Problem Solving and decision making

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5
Q

One problem-solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses

A

Functional Fixedness

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6
Q

literally, “fixed on the function”

A

Functional Fixedness

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7
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

mental set

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8
Q

Defined as the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.

A

Mental Sets

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9
Q

Solutions that have worked in the past tend to be the ones people try first, and people are often hesitant or even unable to think of other possibilities.

A

Mental Sets

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10
Q

Another barrier to effective decision making or problem solving

A

Confirmation Bias

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11
Q

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary.

A

Confirmation Bias

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12
Q

Similar to a mental set, except that what is “set” is a belief rather than a method of solving problems.

A

Confirmation Bias

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13
Q

Not every _can be answered by using information already at hand and the rules of logic in applying that information.

A

problem

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14
Q

Sometimes a problem requires coming up with entirely new ways of looking at the problem or unusual, inventive solutions.

A

Creativity

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15
Q

Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.

A

Creativity

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16
Q

The _ method for problem solving that has been discussed so far is based on a type of thinking called convergent thinking

A

LOGICAL

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17
Q

A problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to (converge on) that single answer by using previous knowledge and logic.

A

convergent thinking

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18
Q

The reverse of convergent thinking.

A

Divergent thinking

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19
Q

A person starts at one point and comes up with many different, or divergent, ideas or possibilities based on that point (Finke, 1995).

A

Divergent thinking

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20
Q

_ thinkers will obviously be less prone to some of the barriers to problem solving, such as functional fixedness.

A

Divergent thinkers

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21
Q
  • Brainstorming
  • Keeping a Journal
  • Freewriting
  • Mind or Subject Mapping
A

Stimulating Divergent Thinking

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22
Q

Start with a central idea and draw a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas, forming a visual representation of the concepts and their connections

A

Mind or Subject Mapping

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23
Q

Write down or record everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is written or recorded in some way. Organize it later

A

Freewriting

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24
Q

Carry a journal to write down ideas as they occur or a recorder to capture those same ideas and thoughts

A

Keeping a Journal

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25
Q

Generate as many ideas as possible in a short period of time, without judging each idea’s merits until all ideas are recorded.

A

Brainstorming

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26
Q

the ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

A

INTELLIGENCE

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27
Q

the characteristics that individuals need in order to survive in their culture.

A

INTELLIGENCE

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28
Q
  • Spearman’s G Factor
  • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
  • Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
A

Theories of Intelligence

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29
Q

saw intelligence as two different abilities. Spearman’s G Factor Theory

A

Charles Spearman (1904)

30
Q

The ability to reason and solve problems.

A

G factor for general intelligence

31
Q

A traditional IQ test would most likely measure _ factor.

A

G factor for general intelligence

32
Q

whereas task-specific abilities in certain areas such as music, business, or art are labeled as

A

s factor factors for specific intelligence

33
Q

Spearman believed that _ in one type of intelligence predicts superiority overall.

A

superiority

34
Q

Although his early research found some support for specific intelligences, other researchers (Guilford & Thurstone) felt that Spearman had _ the concept of intelligence.

A

oversimplified

35
Q

began to be viewed as composed of numerous factors

A

Intelligence

36
Q

Guilford (1967) proposed that there were _ types of intelligence.

A

120

37
Q

One of the later theorists proposed the existence of several kinds of intelligence.

A

Howard Gardner

38
Q

many people use the terms reason, logic, and knowledge as if they are the same ability, _ believes that they are different aspects of intelligence, along with several other abilities.

A

Gardner

39
Q

Gardner originally listed _ different kinds of intelligence but later added an _ type and then proposed a tentative _.

A

7, 8, 9

40
Q
  1. Verbal/linguistic
  2. Musical
  3. Logical/mathematical
  4. Visual/spatial
  5. Movement
  6. Interpersonal
  7. Intrapersonal
  8. Naturalist
  9. Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)
A

Gardner’s Nine Intelligences

41
Q

Ability to use language

A

Verbal/linguistic

42
Q

Writers, speakers

A

Verbal/linguistic

43
Q

Ability to compose and/or perform music

A

Musical

44
Q

Musicians, even those who do not read
musical notes but can perform and compose

A

Musical

45
Q

Ability to think logically and to solve mathematical problems

A

Logical/mathematical

46
Q

Scientists, engineers

A

Logical/mathematical

47
Q

Ability to understand how objects are oriented in space

A

Visual/spatial

48
Q

Pilots, astronauts, artists, navigators

A

Visual/spatial

49
Q

Ability to control one’s body motions

A

Movement

50
Q

Dancers, athletes

A

Movement

51
Q

Sensitivity to others and understanding motivation of others

A

Interpersonal

52
Q

Psychologists, managers

A

Interpersonal

53
Q

Understanding of one’s emotions and how they guide actions

A

Intrapersonal

54
Q

Various people-oriented careers

A

Intrapersonal

55
Q

Ability to recognize the patterns found in nature

A

Naturalist

56
Q

Farmers, landscapers, biologists, botanists

A

Naturalist

57
Q

Ability to see the “big picture” of the human world by asking questions about life, death, and the ultimate reality of human existence

A

Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)

58
Q

Various careers, philosophical thinkers

A

Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)

59
Q

has theorized that there are three kinds of intelligence. Called the triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Robert Sternberg (1988, 1997)

60
Q

triarchic means

A

3

61
Q

This theory includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

A

triarchic theory of intelligence

62
Q

refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.

A

Analytical intelligence

63
Q

This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests, or “book smarts” as some people like to call it.

A

Analytical intelligence

64
Q

Ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

A

Creative intelligence

65
Q

divergent thinking, in other words

A

Creative intelligence

66
Q

it also refers to the ability to automatically process certain aspects of information, which frees up cognitive resources to deal with novelty (Sternberg, 2005).

A

Creative intelligence

67
Q
  • Analytical intelligence
  • Creative intelligence
  • Practical intelligence
A

3 kinds of intelligence (Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Intelligence)

68
Q

best described as “street smarts,”

A

Practical intelligence

69
Q

ability to use information to get along in life.

A

Practical intelligence

70
Q

People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to be tactful

A

Practical intelligence

71
Q

People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to manipulate situations to their advantage

A

Practical intelligence

72
Q

People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to use inside information to increase their odds of success

A

Practical intelligence

INTROPSY FINALS (12 decks)

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