COGNITION: INSIGHT, INTELLIGENCE Flashcards
When the solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind
Insight
In humans, insight often takes the form of an _ moment-the solution seems to come in a flash.
“aha!” moment
A person may realize that this problem is similar to another one that he or she already knows how to solve or might see that an object can be used for a different purpose than its original one.
Insight
- Functional Fixednes
- Mental Sets
- Confirmation Bias
3 Problems with Problem Solving and decision making
One problem-solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses
Functional Fixedness
literally, “fixed on the function”
Functional Fixedness
Functional Fixedness
mental set
Defined as the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.
Mental Sets
Solutions that have worked in the past tend to be the ones people try first, and people are often hesitant or even unable to think of other possibilities.
Mental Sets
Another barrier to effective decision making or problem solving
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary.
Confirmation Bias
Similar to a mental set, except that what is “set” is a belief rather than a method of solving problems.
Confirmation Bias
Not every _can be answered by using information already at hand and the rules of logic in applying that information.
problem
Sometimes a problem requires coming up with entirely new ways of looking at the problem or unusual, inventive solutions.
Creativity
Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
Creativity
The _ method for problem solving that has been discussed so far is based on a type of thinking called convergent thinking
LOGICAL
A problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to (converge on) that single answer by using previous knowledge and logic.
convergent thinking
The reverse of convergent thinking.
Divergent thinking
A person starts at one point and comes up with many different, or divergent, ideas or possibilities based on that point (Finke, 1995).
Divergent thinking
_ thinkers will obviously be less prone to some of the barriers to problem solving, such as functional fixedness.
Divergent thinkers
- Brainstorming
- Keeping a Journal
- Freewriting
- Mind or Subject Mapping
Stimulating Divergent Thinking
Start with a central idea and draw a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas, forming a visual representation of the concepts and their connections
Mind or Subject Mapping
Write down or record everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is written or recorded in some way. Organize it later
Freewriting
Carry a journal to write down ideas as they occur or a recorder to capture those same ideas and thoughts
Keeping a Journal
Generate as many ideas as possible in a short period of time, without judging each idea’s merits until all ideas are recorded.
Brainstorming
the ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.
INTELLIGENCE
the characteristics that individuals need in order to survive in their culture.
INTELLIGENCE
- Spearman’s G Factor
- Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Theories of Intelligence
saw intelligence as two different abilities. Spearman’s G Factor Theory
Charles Spearman (1904)
The ability to reason and solve problems.
G factor for general intelligence
A traditional IQ test would most likely measure _ factor.
G factor for general intelligence
whereas task-specific abilities in certain areas such as music, business, or art are labeled as
s factor factors for specific intelligence
Spearman believed that _ in one type of intelligence predicts superiority overall.
superiority
Although his early research found some support for specific intelligences, other researchers (Guilford & Thurstone) felt that Spearman had _ the concept of intelligence.
oversimplified
began to be viewed as composed of numerous factors
Intelligence
Guilford (1967) proposed that there were _ types of intelligence.
120
One of the later theorists proposed the existence of several kinds of intelligence.
Howard Gardner
many people use the terms reason, logic, and knowledge as if they are the same ability, _ believes that they are different aspects of intelligence, along with several other abilities.
Gardner
Gardner originally listed _ different kinds of intelligence but later added an _ type and then proposed a tentative _.
7, 8, 9
- Verbal/linguistic
- Musical
- Logical/mathematical
- Visual/spatial
- Movement
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalist
- Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)
Gardner’s Nine Intelligences
Ability to use language
Verbal/linguistic
Writers, speakers
Verbal/linguistic
Ability to compose and/or perform music
Musical
Musicians, even those who do not read
musical notes but can perform and compose
Musical
Ability to think logically and to solve mathematical problems
Logical/mathematical
Scientists, engineers
Logical/mathematical
Ability to understand how objects are oriented in space
Visual/spatial
Pilots, astronauts, artists, navigators
Visual/spatial
Ability to control one’s body motions
Movement
Dancers, athletes
Movement
Sensitivity to others and understanding motivation of others
Interpersonal
Psychologists, managers
Interpersonal
Understanding of one’s emotions and how they guide actions
Intrapersonal
Various people-oriented careers
Intrapersonal
Ability to recognize the patterns found in nature
Naturalist
Farmers, landscapers, biologists, botanists
Naturalist
Ability to see the “big picture” of the human world by asking questions about life, death, and the ultimate reality of human existence
Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)
Various careers, philosophical thinkers
Existentialist (a candidate intelligence)
has theorized that there are three kinds of intelligence. Called the triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg (1988, 1997)
triarchic means
3
This theory includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
triarchic theory of intelligence
refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.
Analytical intelligence
This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests, or “book smarts” as some people like to call it.
Analytical intelligence
Ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
Creative intelligence
divergent thinking, in other words
Creative intelligence
it also refers to the ability to automatically process certain aspects of information, which frees up cognitive resources to deal with novelty (Sternberg, 2005).
Creative intelligence
- Analytical intelligence
- Creative intelligence
- Practical intelligence
3 kinds of intelligence (Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Intelligence)
best described as “street smarts,”
Practical intelligence
ability to use information to get along in life.
Practical intelligence
People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to be tactful
Practical intelligence
People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to manipulate situations to their advantage
Practical intelligence
People with a high degree of _ intelligence know how to use inside information to increase their odds of success
Practical intelligence
