MOTIVATION Flashcards
the process by which activities
are started, directed, and continued so
that physical or psychological needs or
wants are met
MOTIVATION
comes from the latin word “movere” means “to move”
MOTIVATION
what “moves”people to do the things they do
MOTIVATION
a person performs an
action because it leads to an outcome that is
separate from or external to the person
extrinsic motivation
a person performs an
action because the act is fun, challenging, or
satisfying in an internal manner
intrinsic motivation
the biologically determined and
innate patterns of behavior that exist in
both people and animals
Instincts
approach to motivation
that assumes people are governed by
instincts similar to those of animals
Instinct approach
a requirement of some material
(such as food or water) that is essential for
survival of the organism
Need
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a
need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Drive
assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to
satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
Drive-reduction theory
PRIMARY DRIVES
ACQUIRED DRIVES
2 TYPES OF DRIVE (DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY)
involve needs of the body
such as hunger and thirst
Primary drives
_ reinforcers satisfy primary drives, and _ reinforcers satisfy acquired, or secondary, drives.
PRIMARY REINFORCES, SECONDARY REINFORCES
learned through experience or conditioning, such
as the need for money or social approval or the need of recent former
smokers to have something to put in their mouths.
Acquired (secondary) drives
the tendency of the body to
maintain a steady state
Homeostasis (DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY)
The body maintains balance in the body’s physical states (GOLDILOCK’S CONDITION)
Homeostasis (DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY)
When there is a primary drive need, the body is in a state of
_ .
IMBALANCE
a state of imbalance prompts a person to eat
hunger
ncreases the level of glucose (blood sugar),
causing the feelings of hunger to reduce
Eating
a period without eating, the _ levels become low enough to
stimulate the hunger drive
glucose levels
1.Need for achievement (nAch) 2.Need for affiliation (nAff) 3.Need for power (nPow)
3 Types of Needs
theory of motivation that highlights the importance of three psychological needs; affiliation, power, and achievement.
McClelland’s Theory: Affiliation, Power, and Achievement Needs
Who proposed a theory of
motivation that highlights the importance of three psychological needs not typically
considered by the other theories: affiliation, power, and achievement.
David C. McClelland
involves a
strong desire to succeed in attaining
goals—not only realistic ones, but also
challenging ones
Need for achievement (nAch)
People who are high in this need look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because these
high achievers also need to have feedback about their performance in addition to the
achievement of reaching the goal.
Need for achievement (nAch)
people high in this need seek to be liked
by others and to be held in high regard by those around them.
Need for affiliation (nAff)
the need for
friendly social interactions and
relationships with others
Need for affiliation (nAff)
_ is not about reaching a goal but about having control over other
POWER
People high in this need would want to have influence over others and make
an impact on them, typically sees the money (and cars, houses, jewelry, and other “toys”) as the
achievement.
Need for power (nPow)
the need to have
control or influence over others
Need for power (nPow)
thos people who demonstrate an _locus of control when faced with difficulty, are prone to developing learned helplessness, the tendency to stop trying to achieve a goal because past failure has led them to believe that they cannot succeed.
external locus control
support the idea that people’s “theories” about their own selves can affect their level of achievement motivation and their willingness to keep trying to achieve success in the face of failure
Personality and nAch: Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation
theory that statates the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, including a person’s view of how
self can affect the individual’s perception of the success or failure of his or her actions.
Personality and nAch: Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation
the beliefs a person holds about his or her own abilities and relationships with
others
self
motivation and personality psychologist developed Personality and nAch: Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation
Carol Dweck (1999)
people who assume that they have control over what happens in their lives are considered to be internal in locus of control, and those who feel that their lives are controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate are considered to be external in locus of control
locus of control
people who assume that they have control over what happens in their lives are considered to be _in locus of control
internal in locus control
those who feel that their lives are controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate are considered to be _ in locus of control
external in locus control
need for _ is linked to a person’s view of self (fixed or changeable) and locus of control (According to Dweck)
need for achievement (nAch)
need for achievement (nAch)
need for afliation (nAff)
need for power (nPow)
psychological needs
old approach: _ are mainly descriptions, not explanations;
idea that some behavior is hereditary remains an important focus
instincts
a motive that appears to
be unlearned but causes an increase in
stimulation, such as curiosity, playing, and exploration.
Stimulus motive
Arousal theory, Task performances, for example, may suffer if the level of arousal is too high (such as severe test _ ) or even if the level of arousal is too low (such as _).
anxiety , boredom
Arousal theory, for many kinds of tasks, a _ level of arousal seems to be best.
moderate level
theory of motivation in
which people are said to have an optimal
(best or ideal) level of tension that they
seek to maintain by increasing or
decreasing stimulation
Arousal theory
law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
Yerkes-Dodson law
This effect varies with the difficulty of the task
easy tasks require a high-moderate level
more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
Yerkes-Dodson law
The optimal level of arousal for task performance depends on the _ of the task.
difficulty of the task
we generally perform easy tasks well if we are at a _ level of arousal (green) and accomplish difficult tasks well if we are at a _ level (red).
high–moderate level and low–moderate
level (Yerkes-Dodson law)
_ tasks require a high-moderate level (YERKES-DODSON LAW)
EASY TASK
more _ tasks require a low-moderate level (YERKES - DODSON LAW)
DIFFICULT TASK
The trait describes people who chase novel, complex, and intense sensations, who love experience for its own sake, and who may take risks to pursue those experiences.
Sensation seeker
seem to need more complex and varied sensory experiences than do
other people
Sensation seeker
who said that seansation seekers are extroverts or the tendency to pursue new and different sensations, feelings, and experiences.
Hans Eysenck
one who needs more arousal than the average person
Sensation seeker
things that attract or lure
people into action
Incentives
doing something to achieve reward or avoid punishment
behaviorism
to fulfill who you are as a person
existentialism
the study of the mental and emotional processes that influence behavior.
psychodynamic
psychodynamic | behaviorism | existentialism
3 study of psychology in connection with incentives
_ approaches theories of motivation in which behavior is explained
as a response to the external stimulus and
its rewarding properties
Incentive approaches
who proposed the classic humanistic approached in motivation
ABRAHAM MASLOW
Maslow proposed that human beings must fulfill the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before
being able to fulfill the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
the point at which
people have sufficiently satisfied the lower
needs and achieved their full human
potential
Self-actualization
SELDOM REACHED IN MASLOWS’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Self-actualization
times in a person’s life
during which self-actualization is
temporarily achieved
Peak experiences
to satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS (8)
to feel secure and safe, out of danger
SAFETY NEEDS (7)
to be with others, be accepted, and belong
BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS (6)
to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition
ESTEEM NEEDS (5)
to know, understand, and explore
COGNITIVE NEEDS (4)
to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty
AESTHETIC NEEDS (3)
self-fulllment and realize one’s potential
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS (2)
to find spiritual meaning beyond one’s immediate self
TRANSCENDENCE (1)
Pioneers of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of Motivation
Richard Ryan
and Edward Deci
AUTONOMY , COMPETENCE, RELATEDNESS
3 NEEDS IN SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY (SDT)
the need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals (i.e., self-determination)
autonomy
the need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one’s life
competence
the need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others.
relatedness
In this theory, there are three inborn and universal needs that
help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of Motivation
the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of Motivation
type of motivation in
which a person performs an action
because the act itself is rewarding or
satisfying in some internal manner
Intrinsic motivation | Self-Determination Theory (SDT) of Motivation
based primarily on Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs; primary,
basic needs must be met before
higher levels can be met
humanistic approach
similar to Maslow’s hierarchy, three universal needs are autonomy, competence, and relatedness
self-determination theory
based in part on principles of learning
incentive approach
need for stimulation
arousal approach
hormones secreted by the pancreas to control levels of fats,
proteins, and carbohydrates in the bloodstream
Insulin and glucagon
table sugar, fruit drinks, white flour, and white bread or pasta), cause the insulin level to spike even more than other foods do because there is such a large amount of glucose released by these foods at one time.
carbohydrates
The proponents of these diets argue that if people control the carbohydrates, they can control the insulin reaction and prevent hunger cravings later on.
low-carbohydrate diet
leads to more insulin released, which leads to a low blood sugar level, increased appetite, and the tendency to overeat.
high blood sugar
are only two of the body parts involved in hunger.
pancreas and stomach
normally released in greater amounts after eating has begun, causes a feeling of more hunger because of the drop in
blood sugar levels.
Insulin
reduces the level of glucose in the
bloodstream
Insulin
increases the level of glucose in the
bloodstream
glucagon
hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite and increasing the feeling of being full, or satiated.
Leptin
plays role in hunger
Hypothalamus
responds to levels of glucose and insulin in the body
Hypothalamus
controlling many kinds of motivational stimuli, including hunger, was seen as a result of its influence on the pituitary.
Hypothalamus
involved in stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
located toward the bottom and center of the hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
if _ were damaged would no longer stop eating he/she will ate and ate until they were quite overweight
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Another part of the hypothalamus, located on the side, seems to influence the onset of eating when insulin levels go up
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Damage to this of hypothalamus area caused rats to stop eating to the point of starvation.
They would eat only if force-fed and still lost weight under those conditions
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Injury to the _ does raise or lower the weight set point rather dramatically, causing either drastic weight loss or
weight gain.
Hypothalamus
the speed at which the body burns available energy, and exercise also
play a part in the weight set point.
METABOLISM
If a person’s BMR _ (as it does in adulthood and with decreased activity levels), that person’s weight set point
increases if the same number of calories is consumed.
DECREASES
Hormones also play a role in obesity, particularly _ , which plays an important part in controlling appetite. Problems
with _ production or detection can lead to overeating
leptin
a significant factor in obesity is
heredity
a listing of disorders and their symptoms used by psychological professionals to make a diagnosis
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, or DSM-5
are classified as clinical (mental) disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, or DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013),
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,
and binge-eating disorder
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,
and binge-eating disorder
maladaptive eating problems | clinical (mental) disorders
Problems with leptin production or detection can lead to _
overeating/obesity
BMR of a typical woman and man as age increases from _ years to _ years.
10 years to 80 years
the particular level of
weight that the body tries to maintain
Weight set point
the rate at
which the body burns energy when the
organism is resting
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Cultural customs
– Food preferences
– Use of food as a comfort device or escape
from unpleasantness
Social cues for when meals are to be
eaten
Some people may respond to the anticipation of
eating by producing an _ response
insulin response (Social cues for when meals are to be
eaten)
the body weight of a person is 20
percent or more over the ideal body weight
for that person’s height (actual percents
vary across definitions)
OBESITY
A person is considered as obese if the body weight of a person is _
percent or more over the ideal body weight
for that person’s height (actual percents
vary across definitions)
20 percent
heredity, hormones,
and slowing metabolism with age
causes of obesity
one of the cause of obsesity is _ which is a major factor as food supplies
stabilize in developing countries and Western-
culture lifestyles are adopted
overeating
from the Latin word movere, which means “to move.”
Motivation
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
2 types of motivation
a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate
from the person, reward or the avoidance of an unpleasant consequence
extrinsic
motivation
a specic need or desire,
such as hunger, thirst, or achievement
that prompts goal-directed behavior.
motive
human instinct to reproduce is responsible
for
sexual behavior
human instinct for territorial protection may be
related to
aggressive behavior
another obesity factor is _ . Around the world, as developing countries
build stronger economies and their food supplies become stable, the rates of obesity increase
dramatically and quickly
overeating
_ slows down as people age thereby resulting in weight gain that may lead to obesity
metabolism
heredity, hormones, overeating, and slowing metabolism with age
factors that leads to obesity
