EMOTION Flashcards
the “feeling” aspect of
consciousness
emotion
emotion is characterized by:
– certain physical arousal
– certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world
– inner awareness of feelings
3 elements of emotion
a complex structure with many different nuclei and subdivisions, whose roles have
been investigated primarily through studies of fear conditioning
amygdala
emotional stimuli travel to the amygdala by both a fast, crude _ road (subcortical) and a slower but more involved cortical _ road
“low road” and “high road”
the pathway underneath the cortex and is a faster, simpler path, allowing for quick responses to the stimulus, sometimes before we are consciously aware of the nature of the stimulus.
low road
uses cortical pathways and is slower and more complex, but it allows us to recognize the threat and, when needed, take more conscious control of our emotional responses.
high road
you feel _ because something you value is hurting/taken away from you
anger
responsible for fear,emotion, anxiety
amygdala
hemisphere
frontal lobes
anterior cingulate cortex
lateral orbitofrontal cortex
subcortical and cortical areas parts of the brain involved in emotion
can vary across different cultures
– seem to be universal
– display rules
facial expression
Interpreting the subjective feeling by giving it a label
Labeling Emotion
deconstruct emotion
FRONTAL LOBES
override emotion
ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX
emotions manifesting in senses
LATERAL ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
PEOPLE WITH _ CAN’T DISTINGUISH EMOTIONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE ALEXITHYMIA/ EMOTIONAL BLINDNESS
AUTISM
a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
it was assumed that feeling a particular emotion led first to a physical reaction and then to a behavioral one.
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
seeing a snarling dog in one’s path causes the feeling of fear, which stimulates the body to arousal, followed by the behavioral act of running; that is, people are aroused because they are afraid
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
“I’m shaking because I’m afraid” (stimulus + emotion = ans/bodily arousal)
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
who was also the founder of the functionalist perspective in the early history of psychology, disagreed with the common sense viewpoint.
William James
a physiologist and psychologist in Denmark, came up with an explanation of emotion so similar to that of James
Carl Lange (1885)
PIONEER OF JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
William James & Carl Lange
a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
“I’m afraid because I’m shaking.” (STIMULUS + ANS/BODILY AROUSAL = EMOTION)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
a stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which
then sends signals to arouse the body and
interpret the emotion at the same time.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
who are the Physiologists that theorized that the emotion and the physiological arousal occur more or less
at the same time.
Walter Cannon (1927) and Philip
Bard (1934)
Bard expanded on this idea by stating that the sensory information that comes into the brain is sent simultaneously (by the thalamus) to both
the cortex and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system. The fear and the bodily reactions are, therefore, experienced at the same time
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
“I’m shaking and feeling afraid at the same time.” (STIMULUS = ANS/BODILY AROUSAL + EMOTION)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
a critic of Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion and stated that the thalamus would have to be pretty sophisticated to make sense of all the possible human emotions and relay them to the proper areas of the cortex and body
Lashley (1938)
both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced
Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
similar to the James-Lange theory but adds the element of cognitive labeling of the arousal
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
a stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
two things have to happen before emotion occurs: the physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment. These two things happen at the same time, resulting in the labeling of the emotion
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
stimulus + (ans/bodily arousal + cognitive appraisal) = emotion
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
“This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid.”
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
Smile, You’ll Feel Better
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
a stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
stimulus + (ans arousal in face + facial expression + cognitive interpretation of the facial interpretation) = emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
a stimulus causes an immediate
appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and
not behind a fence, so this is dangerous”).
The cognitive appraisal results in an
emotional response, which is then followed
by the appropriate bodily response.
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
stimulus + appraisal + emotion = ans/bodily response
Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
Lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory
facial feedback hypothesis
James-Lange theory of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory of emotion
5 theory on emotions
suggests that physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion itself is experienced
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
suggests that emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
suggests that specific stimuli result in physical arousal and leads to labeling of the emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
suggests that facial expressions (and other behaviors) provide feedback to the brain that can intensify or cause a specific emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
places the emphasis on the cognitive appraisal and interpretation of the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
The Latin root word mot, meaning _ is the source of both of the words we use
in this chapter over and over again, motive and emotion.
“to move”
Physically, when a person experiences an emotion, an is created by the
sympathetic nervous system
The heart rate increases, breathing becomes more rapid, the pupils dilate, and the mouth may become dry.
The Physiology of Emotion
_ are difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of physiological reactions alone.
EMOTIONS
a small area located within the limbic system on each side
of the brain, is associated with emotions such as fear and pleasure in both humans and
animals
amygdala
There are facial expressions, body movements, and actions that
indicate to others how a person _.
feels
_ EXPRESSIONS can vary across different cultures, although some aspects of fa-
cial expression seem to be universal.
FACIAL EXPESSIONS
the labeling process is a matter of retrieving memories of previous similar experiences, perceiving the context of the emotion, and coming up with a solution—a label.
COGNITIVE ELEMENT
what theory states is the arousal of the “fight-or-flight” sympathetic nervous system (wanting to run), produces bodily sensations such as increased heart rate, dry mouth, and rapid breathing.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
“I am afraid because I am aroused,”, “I am embarrassed because my face is red,” “I am nervous because my stomach is fluttering,” and “I am in love because my heart rate increases when I look at her (or him).”
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
who wrote The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
CHARLES DARWIN
process facial muscles send msgs to the brain abt the basic emotion being expressed
facial feedback
stated that facial expressions evolved as a way of communicating intentions, such as threat or fear, and that these expressions are universal within a species rather than specific to a culture.
CHARLES DARWIN
He also believed (as in the James-Lange theory) that when such emotions are expressed freely on the face, the
emotion itself intensifies—meaning that the more one smiles, the happier one feels.
CHARLES DARWIN
One of the more modern versions of cognitive emotion theories
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
in this theory, the most important aspect of any emotional experience is how the person interprets or appraises the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
to mediate means to “come between”and in this theory the cognitive appraisal mediates by coming between the stimulus and the emotional response to that stimulus
Cognitive Mediational Theory or Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
