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Neurophysio > Retinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Retinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of cells for rods and cones?

A

4 (1 rod type, 3 cone types)

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2
Q

how many types of cells for bipolar cells?

A

7

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3
Q

how many types of cells for ganglion cells?

A

10

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4
Q

how many types of cells for horizontal cells?

A

2

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5
Q

how many types of cells for amacrine cells?

A

25

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6
Q

how many types of cells for biplexiform cells?

A

1

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7
Q

how many types of cells for interplexiform cells?

A

2

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8
Q

4 common features on both photoreceptor cells are

A
  • outer segment
  • inner segment (ellipsoid and myoid)
  • nucleus
  • synaptic termination
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9
Q

for cones, the ___ segment is smaller than its ____ segment

A

outer set smaller than inner seg

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10
Q

for rods, the inner segment is _____ than its outer segment

A

the same size

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11
Q

which photoreceptor has more synaptic terminals?

A

cones

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12
Q

what is the basic anatomy of discs in photoreceptors

A

they have a double membrane with a high concentration of Na+ on the inside of the discs

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13
Q

what are discs made of

A

lipoprotein and visual pigment (50%)

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14
Q

the inner and outer segment are connected by:

A

a connecting cilium

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15
Q

photoreceptor ____ is the location of energy production

A

inner segment

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16
Q

inner segment contains specialized cilia consisting of

A

9 double microtubules

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17
Q

the inner segment extends all the way to ___ and are involved in the

A

the discs and are involved in the regeneration of the outer segment

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18
Q

types of astrocytes

A

I, II, and III

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19
Q

function of astrocytes

A

forming blood retina barrier (maybe support and hold large blood vessels in retina in place)

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20
Q

are oligodendrocytes in the retina? and what is their function

A

none in retina, but found once RGCs merge out of optic nerve head

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21
Q

function of Mueller cell

A

it is a ependymal cell for physical support, chemical support (homeostasis, electrolyte), spans across ILM to OLM

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22
Q

information flow in vertical connections is from

A

cones -> on and off bipolar cells -> on and off ganglion cells -> LGN

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23
Q

rod path 1 is:

rod -> rod ON bipolar ->

A

rod AII amacrine -> cone ON bipolar (gap junction) -> ON ganglion cell

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24
Q

rod path 2 is:

rod -> rod bipolar ->

A

rod AII amacrine –> OFF bipolar

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25
rod path 3 is: | rod -> cone (gap junction) ->
ON and OFF bipolar cell -> ON and OFF ganglion cell
26
rod path 4 is: | rod -> OFF cone bipolar ->
OFF ganglion cell
27
the photoreceptor/bipolar cell synapse is in the ____ layer
outer plexiform layer (OPL)
28
the bipolar cell body is in the _____ layer
inner nuclear layer
29
the bipolar cell/ganglion cell synapse occurs in the _____ layer
inner plexiform layer (IPL)
30
sublamina are in the
IPL
31
sublamina ___ is more distal or closer to bipolar cells
A
32
sublamina ___ is more proximal or closer to ganglion cells
B
33
ON bipolar cells terminate in sublamina ___
B
34
OFF bipolar cells terminate in sublamina ___
A
35
what is "a ganglion cell that receives direct input from the photoreceptors"
biplexiform cell
36
biplexiform cell receives mostly ____ input
rod
37
recent studies on biplexiform cells suggests what projection and function?
projection to optic tectum, function of visuomotor reflexes
38
horizontal cell types are
H1 and H2 | two types of horizontal cells in the primate retina
39
type of horizontal cell that diverges info from cones to rods
H1
40
type of horizontal cell that converges info from cones to cones
H2
41
___ (H1/H2) connects approximately 7 cones to about 350-500 rods
H1
42
____ (H1/H2) connects 11-14 cones to a few cones
H2
43
horizontal cell bodies located in ____ layer
distal INL
44
horizontal cells synapse in ____ layer
OPL
45
are horizontal cells wavelength selective?
no
46
why are horizontal cells not wavelength selective?
each horizontal cell contacts all cones within its dendritic field
47
the horizontal cells produce what component of the receptive field?
they produce the receptive field surround of the ganglion cells
48
neuronal cell bodies of amacrine cells are located in what layer?
proximal INL
49
amacrine cells synapse in the ___ layer
IPL
50
types of amacrine cells
25 different types based on morphology and cytochemistry
51
amacrine cells communicate with:
bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells
52
midget ganglion cells receive ___ % from amacrine cells
50
53
T/F: amacrine cells can provide direct input to ganglion cells
T
54
amacrine cells axons are unique because:
they are anaxonic (no central process that emerges out of them)
55
which amacrine cell is the only amacrine cell with a known function
A type II
56
AII amacrine cells mediate ___ vision
rod
57
amacrine AII cells contain ____ as its neurotransmitter
glycine
58
function of AII amacrine cells
helps to shape the time course of the ganglion cell response | may be involved in production of surround in ganglion cell receptive field
59
where do interplexiform layers carry info from and to?
carries information from amacrine cells back to bipolar, other amacrine, rods or cones
60
interplexiform layers are also involved in:
feedback loop in the retina
61
Mangel and Dowling sugested interplexiform cells were involved with:
changes that occur in the receptive fields of ganglion cells with dark adaptation
62
axon terminals for cones are called
cone pedicle
63
what type of axon terminal has many invaginations in which bipolar and horizontal cells synapse (12-25/ pedicle)
cone pedicle
64
what type of synapse is common in cone pedicle
ribbon synapse
65
what is a ribbon synapse?
has 2 horizontal cells and 1 bipolar cell synapsing
66
what noninvaginating synapses occur on cone pedicles?
typically with a flat bipolar
67
thickening of membrane of presynaptic terminal (cone pedicle) is called
archiform density
68
vertical membrane of cone pedicle is called
synaptic lamella | magnet to attract synaptic vesicles carrying NT to terminal
69
axon terminal of rod is called
rod spherule
70
what is the common information flow for rod spherules?
from rods to rod bipolar
71
what is unique about the central processes of the rod spherule?
typically more than 3 processes synapse (more than one central process)
72
what does the rod spherule not have? (that the cone pedicle does)
rod spherules have no junction between the laterally placed horizontal cells
73
how many invaginations per spherule in rod spherules?
one invagination per spherule
74
invaginating midge bipolar cells contacts
single cone at ribbon
75
flat midget bipolar contacts
single cone at conventional synapse
76
diffuse flat bipolar contacts
several cones, conventional synapses
77
diffuse invaginating bipolar contacts
several cones, ribbon synapse
78
rod bipolar contacts
rods only
79
giant bistratified bipolar contacts
many cones
80
S-cone bipolar contacts
only S-cones
81
most popular type of synapse in the inner plexiform layer:
conventional dyad: 1 bipolar synapses with 1 ganglion and 1 amacrine
82
second most common type of synapse in the inner plexiform layer:
amacrine-amacrine: 1 bipolar synapses with 2 amacrines
83
reciprocal inner plexiform layer synapses are
information can flow both ways between a bipolar and amacrine
84
serial inner plexiform layer synapses are
bipolar to amacrine to amacrine to ganglion cell: allows for informational integration
85
types of ganglion cells in cat
- alpha cells - beta cells - gamma cells
86
how many ganglion cells are found in cats vs. primates?
cats have 3 (alpha, beta, gamma) but primates have 2 (alpha, beta)

Neurophysio (17 decks)

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