Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurophysio > Retinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Retinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of cells for rods and cones?

A

4 (1 rod type, 3 cone types)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many types of cells for bipolar cells?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many types of cells for ganglion cells?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many types of cells for horizontal cells?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many types of cells for amacrine cells?

A

25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many types of cells for biplexiform cells?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many types of cells for interplexiform cells?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 common features on both photoreceptor cells are

A
  • outer segment
  • inner segment (ellipsoid and myoid)
  • nucleus
  • synaptic termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

for cones, the ___ segment is smaller than its ____ segment

A

outer set smaller than inner seg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

for rods, the inner segment is _____ than its outer segment

A

the same size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which photoreceptor has more synaptic terminals?

A

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the basic anatomy of discs in photoreceptors

A

they have a double membrane with a high concentration of Na+ on the inside of the discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are discs made of

A

lipoprotein and visual pigment (50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the inner and outer segment are connected by:

A

a connecting cilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

photoreceptor ____ is the location of energy production

A

inner segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inner segment contains specialized cilia consisting of

A

9 double microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the inner segment extends all the way to ___ and are involved in the

A

the discs and are involved in the regeneration of the outer segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

types of astrocytes

A

I, II, and III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of astrocytes

A

forming blood retina barrier (maybe support and hold large blood vessels in retina in place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are oligodendrocytes in the retina? and what is their function

A

none in retina, but found once RGCs merge out of optic nerve head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

function of Mueller cell

A

it is a ependymal cell for physical support, chemical support (homeostasis, electrolyte), spans across ILM to OLM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

information flow in vertical connections is from

A

cones -> on and off bipolar cells -> on and off ganglion cells -> LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rod path 1 is:

rod -> rod ON bipolar ->

A

rod AII amacrine -> cone ON bipolar (gap junction) -> ON ganglion cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

rod path 2 is:

rod -> rod bipolar ->

A

rod AII amacrine –> OFF bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rod path 3 is:

rod -> cone (gap junction) ->

A

ON and OFF bipolar cell -> ON and OFF ganglion cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

rod path 4 is:

rod -> OFF cone bipolar ->

A

OFF ganglion cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the photoreceptor/bipolar cell synapse is in the ____ layer

A

outer plexiform layer (OPL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the bipolar cell body is in the _____ layer

A

inner nuclear layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the bipolar cell/ganglion cell synapse occurs in the _____ layer

A

inner plexiform layer (IPL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sublamina are in the

A

IPL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sublamina ___ is more distal or closer to bipolar cells

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sublamina ___ is more proximal or closer to ganglion cells

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ON bipolar cells terminate in sublamina ___

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

OFF bipolar cells terminate in sublamina ___

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is “a ganglion cell that receives direct input from the photoreceptors”

A

biplexiform cell

36
Q

biplexiform cell receives mostly ____ input

A

rod

37
Q

recent studies on biplexiform cells suggests what projection and function?

A

projection to optic tectum, function of visuomotor reflexes

38
Q

horizontal cell types are

A

H1 and H2

two types of horizontal cells in the primate retina

39
Q

type of horizontal cell that diverges info from cones to rods

A

H1

40
Q

type of horizontal cell that converges info from cones to cones

A

H2

41
Q

___ (H1/H2) connects approximately 7 cones to about 350-500 rods

A

H1

42
Q

____ (H1/H2) connects 11-14 cones to a few cones

A

H2

43
Q

horizontal cell bodies located in ____ layer

A

distal INL

44
Q

horizontal cells synapse in ____ layer

A

OPL

45
Q

are horizontal cells wavelength selective?

A

no

46
Q

why are horizontal cells not wavelength selective?

A

each horizontal cell contacts all cones within its dendritic field

47
Q

the horizontal cells produce what component of the receptive field?

A

they produce the receptive field surround of the ganglion cells

48
Q

neuronal cell bodies of amacrine cells are located in what layer?

A

proximal INL

49
Q

amacrine cells synapse in the ___ layer

A

IPL

50
Q

types of amacrine cells

A

25 different types based on morphology and cytochemistry

51
Q

amacrine cells communicate with:

A

bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells

52
Q

midget ganglion cells receive ___ % from amacrine cells

A

50

53
Q

T/F: amacrine cells can provide direct input to ganglion cells

A

T

54
Q

amacrine cells axons are unique because:

A

they are anaxonic (no central process that emerges out of them)

55
Q

which amacrine cell is the only amacrine cell with a known function

A

A type II

56
Q

AII amacrine cells mediate ___ vision

A

rod

57
Q

amacrine AII cells contain ____ as its neurotransmitter

A

glycine

58
Q

function of AII amacrine cells

A

helps to shape the time course of the ganglion cell response

may be involved in production of surround in ganglion cell receptive field

59
Q

where do interplexiform layers carry info from and to?

A

carries information from amacrine cells back to bipolar, other amacrine, rods or cones

60
Q

interplexiform layers are also involved in:

A

feedback loop in the retina

61
Q

Mangel and Dowling sugested interplexiform cells were involved with:

A

changes that occur in the receptive fields of ganglion cells with dark adaptation

62
Q

axon terminals for cones are called

A

cone pedicle

63
Q

what type of axon terminal has many invaginations in which bipolar and horizontal cells synapse (12-25/ pedicle)

A

cone pedicle

64
Q

what type of synapse is common in cone pedicle

A

ribbon synapse

65
Q

what is a ribbon synapse?

A

has 2 horizontal cells and 1 bipolar cell synapsing

66
Q

what noninvaginating synapses occur on cone pedicles?

A

typically with a flat bipolar

67
Q

thickening of membrane of presynaptic terminal (cone pedicle) is called

A

archiform density

68
Q

vertical membrane of cone pedicle is called

A

synaptic lamella

magnet to attract synaptic vesicles carrying NT to terminal

69
Q

axon terminal of rod is called

A

rod spherule

70
Q

what is the common information flow for rod spherules?

A

from rods to rod bipolar

71
Q

what is unique about the central processes of the rod spherule?

A

typically more than 3 processes synapse (more than one central process)

72
Q

what does the rod spherule not have? (that the cone pedicle does)

A

rod spherules have no junction between the laterally placed horizontal cells

73
Q

how many invaginations per spherule in rod spherules?

A

one invagination per spherule

74
Q

invaginating midge bipolar cells contacts

A

single cone at ribbon

75
Q

flat midget bipolar contacts

A

single cone at conventional synapse

76
Q

diffuse flat bipolar contacts

A

several cones, conventional synapses

77
Q

diffuse invaginating bipolar contacts

A

several cones, ribbon synapse

78
Q

rod bipolar contacts

A

rods only

79
Q

giant bistratified bipolar contacts

A

many cones

80
Q

S-cone bipolar contacts

A

only S-cones

81
Q

most popular type of synapse in the inner plexiform layer:

A

conventional dyad: 1 bipolar synapses with 1 ganglion and 1 amacrine

82
Q

second most common type of synapse in the inner plexiform layer:

A

amacrine-amacrine: 1 bipolar synapses with 2 amacrines

83
Q

reciprocal inner plexiform layer synapses are

A

information can flow both ways between a bipolar and amacrine

84
Q

serial inner plexiform layer synapses are

A

bipolar to amacrine to amacrine to ganglion cell: allows for informational integration

85
Q

types of ganglion cells in cat

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • gamma cells
86
Q

how many ganglion cells are found in cats vs. primates?

A

cats have 3 (alpha, beta, gamma) but primates have 2 (alpha, beta)

Neurophysio (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions