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Neurophysio > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

precursor and enzymes transported into axon terminal and synthesized and packaged at axon terminal
(50nm diameter vesicle)

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

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2
Q

precursors made in cell body, packaged and transported to nerve terminal (100-200nm diameter vesicles)

A

neuropeptides (large)

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3
Q

also synthesized in axon terminals, but not packaged into vesicles, diffuse slow transport

A

NO and CO (gases)

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4
Q

where are small molecule and neuropeptides stored

A

in vesicles at nerve terminals

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5
Q

where can gases not be stored

A

gases, like nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, cannot be stored in cells

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6
Q

what type of NT is released by a single impulse (AP)

A

small molecule NT

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7
Q

what type of NT is released by multiple impulses

A

neuropeptides

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8
Q

____ have slow diffuse transmission

A

amines

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9
Q

_____ have rapid point to point transmission

A

amino acids

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10
Q

______ have slow diffuse transmission

A

neuropeptides

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11
Q

3 main types of small molecule NT

A
  • acetylcholine
  • amines
  • amino acids
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12
Q

small NT:

list amine NTs

A
  • catecholeamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
  • serotonin
  • histamine
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13
Q

small NT:

list amino acid NTs

A
  • glutamate
  • GABA
  • glycine
  • aspartate
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14
Q

neuropeptides are _____ molecule NTs

A

large

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15
Q

list neuropeptides NTs

A
  • beta-endorphin
  • enkephalin
  • substance P
  • cholecystokinin
  • neuropeptide Y
  • neurotensin
  • somatostatin
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16
Q

list gases NTs

A
  • nitric oxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • hydrogen sulfide
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17
Q

major NTs that are:

fast, excitatory

A

PNS: acetylcholine (nitotinic R)
CNS: glutamate (and aspartate)

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18
Q

major NTs that are:

fast, inhibitory

A

GABA (mostly in brain)

Glycine (mostly in spinal cord)

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19
Q

major NTs that are:

second messengers

A
  • catecholamines
  • serotonin
  • acetylcholine (muscarinic R)
  • neuropeptides
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20
Q

action of acetylcholine in the PNS is

A

muscle contraction

one of the many NTs in ANS

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21
Q

action of acetylcholine in the CNS is

A

synaptic plasticity

learning and spatial memory

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22
Q

acetylcholine is all what type of synapses

A

all preganglionic autonomic synapses

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23
Q

acetylcholine is made from synthesis of what molecules

A

choline + acetyl CoA

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24
Q

acetylcholine is catalyzed by

A

choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

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25
Q

what dictates the rate of synthesis of Ach

A

concentration of Ach

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26
Q

Ach is both autonomic and somatic in the PNS. what types of autonomic receptors are in the PNS

A

sympathetic - (adrengergic R)

parasympathetic - (cholinergic R)

27
Q

Alzheimers affects what aspects of Ach in the CNS

A

associated with decrease in choline acetyltransferase in the cortex and hippocampus (so less synthesis of NT)

28
Q

most common Ach receptor in PNS

A

nicotinic

29
Q

most common Ach receptor in CNS

A

muscarinic

30
Q

______ receptors (Ach) directly act on ion channels and mediate fast EPSPs

A

nicotinic

31
Q

nicotinic receptors are ____ at the neuromuscular junction

A

excitatory

32
Q

muscarinic receptors are _____ at heart

A

inhibitory

33
Q

examples of cholinergic antagonists

A
  • atropine

- tropicamine

34
Q

how does the antagonist atropine work

A

competitively binds to muscarinic receptors

35
Q

mydriatic function of atropine

A

blocks contraction of pupillary sphincter muscle, which is normally stimulated by Ach release

36
Q

cycloplegia function of atropine

A

paralyzes the ciliary muscles

37
Q

functions of tropicamide

A

mydriatic (shorter acting than atropine)

38
Q

what does dopamine control

A

movement, emotional response, pleasure/pain

39
Q

dopamine is synthesized from:

A

tyrosine

40
Q

does dopamine cross the blood brain barrier?

A

no

41
Q

dopamine uses what type of receptor binding?

A

inhibitory, 2nd messenger system

42
Q

where is the inhibitory action receptor binding of dopamine located?

A

substantia nigra of midbrain

43
Q

what pathways does serotonin effect?

A

spinothalamic and trigeminal pathways

44
Q

the pathways serotonin can effect control:

A

pain and temperature control of head and body

45
Q

what can serotonin help regulate

A

appetite, emotion, mood, sleep, memory, learning, behavior, muscle contraction, cardiovascular and endocrine system

46
Q

how is serotonin synthesized

A

from tryptophan

47
Q

receptor binding for serotonin is

A

inhibitory in pain pathways, used 2nd messenger system

48
Q

what NT acts in CNS and helps form memories?

A

norepinephrine

49
Q

effects of norepinephrine

A

brings the nervous system to high alert, increases heart rate and blood pressure

50
Q

synthesis process of norepinephrine

A

dopamine transported into vesicles and then converted to norepinephrine

51
Q

is norepinephrine excitatory, inhibitory, 2nd messenger?

A

excitatory or inhibitory and second messenger system

52
Q

epinephrine is derived from

A

norepinephrine

53
Q

epinephrine is involved in

A

excitatory “fight or flight”

54
Q

NT that has a pacemaker function of the brain and modulates sleep

A

histamine

55
Q

inhibition of histamine causes:

A

inability to maintain vigilence

56
Q

synthesis of histamine is from

A

decarboxylation of histadine

57
Q

is histamine excitatory/inhibitory and where is it localized?

A

excitatory, localized in hypothalamus

58
Q

principal excitatory NT in CNS that is common in sensory pathways

A

glutamate

59
Q

principal inhibitory NT in the CNS is

A

GABA

60
Q

aspartate details: +/-, location

A

excitatory, CNS, reabsorbed by presynaptic terminal

61
Q

glycine details: +/-, location

A

inhibitory, CNS, reabsorbed by presynaptic terminal

62
Q

location of peptide NTs

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

peptide NT with 11 amino acids, excitatory in pain pathways in spinal cord

A

substance P

64
Q

peptide NTs which are inhibitory to pain in spinal cord and suppress pain sensation by blocking the release of substance P

A

enkephalins and endorphins

Neurophysio (17 decks)

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