Neurotransmitters

Question 1

precursor and enzymes transported into axon terminal and synthesized and packaged at axon terminal
(50nm diameter vesicle)

Answer 1

small molecule neurotransmitters

Question 2

precursors made in cell body, packaged and transported to nerve terminal (100-200nm diameter vesicles)

Answer 2

neuropeptides (large)

Question 3

also synthesized in axon terminals, but not packaged into vesicles, diffuse slow transport

Answer 3

NO and CO (gases)

Question 4

where are small molecule and neuropeptides stored

Answer 4

in vesicles at nerve terminals

Question 5

where can gases not be stored

Answer 5

gases, like nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, cannot be stored in cells

Question 6

what type of NT is released by a single impulse (AP)

Answer 6

small molecule NT

Question 7

what type of NT is released by multiple impulses

Answer 7

neuropeptides

Question 8

____ have slow diffuse transmission

Answer 8

amines

Question 9

_____ have rapid point to point transmission

Answer 9

amino acids

Question 10

______ have slow diffuse transmission

Answer 10

neuropeptides

Question 11

3 main types of small molecule NT

Answer 11

• acetylcholine
• amines
• amino acids

Question 12

small NT:

list amine NTs

Answer 12

• catecholeamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
• serotonin
• histamine

Question 13

small NT:

list amino acid NTs

Answer 13

• glutamate
• GABA
• glycine
• aspartate

Question 14

neuropeptides are _____ molecule NTs

Answer 14

large

Question 15

list neuropeptides NTs

Answer 15

• beta-endorphin
• enkephalin
• substance P
• cholecystokinin
• neuropeptide Y
• neurotensin
• somatostatin

Question 16

list gases NTs

Answer 16

• nitric oxide
• carbon monoxide
• hydrogen sulfide

Question 17

major NTs that are:

fast, excitatory

Answer 17

PNS: acetylcholine (nitotinic R)
CNS: glutamate (and aspartate)

Question 18

major NTs that are:

fast, inhibitory

Answer 18

GABA (mostly in brain)

Glycine (mostly in spinal cord)

Question 19

major NTs that are:

second messengers

Answer 19

• catecholamines
• serotonin
• acetylcholine (muscarinic R)
• neuropeptides

Question 20

action of acetylcholine in the PNS is

Answer 20

muscle contraction

one of the many NTs in ANS

Question 21

action of acetylcholine in the CNS is

Answer 21

synaptic plasticity

learning and spatial memory

Question 22

acetylcholine is all what type of synapses

Answer 22

all preganglionic autonomic synapses

Question 23

acetylcholine is made from synthesis of what molecules

Answer 23

choline + acetyl CoA

Question 24

acetylcholine is catalyzed by

Answer 24

choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

Question 25

what dictates the rate of synthesis of Ach

Answer 25

concentration of Ach

Question 26

Ach is both autonomic and somatic in the PNS. what types of autonomic receptors are in the PNS

Answer 26

sympathetic - (adrengergic R) | parasympathetic - (cholinergic R)

Question 27

Alzheimers affects what aspects of Ach in the CNS

Answer 27

associated with decrease in choline acetyltransferase in the cortex and hippocampus (so less synthesis of NT)

Question 28

most common Ach receptor in PNS

Answer 28

nicotinic

Question 29

most common Ach receptor in CNS

Answer 29

muscarinic

Question 30

______ receptors (Ach) directly act on ion channels and mediate fast EPSPs

Answer 30

nicotinic

Question 31

nicotinic receptors are ____ at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 31

excitatory

Question 32

muscarinic receptors are _____ at heart

Answer 32

inhibitory

Question 33

examples of cholinergic antagonists

Answer 33

- atropine | - tropicamine

Question 34

how does the antagonist atropine work

Answer 34

competitively binds to muscarinic receptors

Question 35

mydriatic function of atropine

Answer 35

blocks contraction of pupillary sphincter muscle, which is normally stimulated by Ach release

Question 36

cycloplegia function of atropine

Answer 36

paralyzes the ciliary muscles

Question 37

functions of tropicamide

Answer 37

mydriatic (shorter acting than atropine)

Question 38

what does dopamine control

Answer 38

movement, emotional response, pleasure/pain

Question 39

dopamine is synthesized from:

Answer 39

tyrosine

Question 40

does dopamine cross the blood brain barrier?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

dopamine uses what type of receptor binding?

Answer 41

inhibitory, 2nd messenger system

Question 42

where is the inhibitory action receptor binding of dopamine located?

Answer 42

substantia nigra of midbrain

Question 43

what pathways does serotonin effect?

Answer 43

spinothalamic and trigeminal pathways

Question 44

the pathways serotonin can effect control:

Answer 44

pain and temperature control of head and body

Question 45

what can serotonin help regulate

Answer 45

appetite, emotion, mood, sleep, memory, learning, behavior, muscle contraction, cardiovascular and endocrine system

Question 46

how is serotonin synthesized

Answer 46

from tryptophan

Question 47

receptor binding for serotonin is

Answer 47

inhibitory in pain pathways, used 2nd messenger system

Question 48

what NT acts in CNS and helps form memories?

Answer 48

norepinephrine

Question 49

effects of norepinephrine

Answer 49

brings the nervous system to high alert, increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 50

synthesis process of norepinephrine

Answer 50

dopamine transported into vesicles and then converted to norepinephrine

Question 51

is norepinephrine excitatory, inhibitory, 2nd messenger?

Answer 51

excitatory or inhibitory and second messenger system

Question 52

epinephrine is derived from

Answer 52

norepinephrine

Question 53

epinephrine is involved in

Answer 53

excitatory "fight or flight"

Question 54

NT that has a pacemaker function of the brain and modulates sleep

Answer 54

histamine

Question 55

inhibition of histamine causes:

Answer 55

inability to maintain vigilence

Question 56

synthesis of histamine is from

Answer 56

decarboxylation of histadine

Question 57

is histamine excitatory/inhibitory and where is it localized?

Answer 57

excitatory, localized in hypothalamus

Question 58

principal excitatory NT in CNS that is common in sensory pathways

Answer 58

glutamate

Question 59

principal inhibitory NT in the CNS is

Answer 59

GABA

Question 60

aspartate details: +/-, location

Answer 60

excitatory, CNS, reabsorbed by presynaptic terminal

Question 61

glycine details: +/-, location

Answer 61

inhibitory, CNS, reabsorbed by presynaptic terminal

Question 62

location of peptide NTs

Answer 62

hypothalamus

Question 63

peptide NT with 11 amino acids, excitatory in pain pathways in spinal cord

Answer 63

substance P

Question 64

peptide NTs which are inhibitory to pain in spinal cord and suppress pain sensation by blocking the release of substance P

Answer 64

enkephalins and endorphins