Brainstem, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia

Question 1

at the brainstem level, the vestibular system interacts with what other structures?

Answer 1

reticular formation, cerebellum, spinal cord, eye muscles

Question 2

(brainstem level) what structure helps control posture of body and signals to arms and legs to compensate for tilt and movement of the body?

Answer 2

lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 3

(brainstem level) what helps control head position and stabilizes head while body is moving?

Answer 3

medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 4

(brainstem level) what stabilizes eyes during head movements (without visual input) via medial longitudinal fasculus

Answer 4

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 5

reticular formation controls overall arousal via:

Answer 5

reticular activating system from reticular formation throughout the brain

Question 6

reticular formation controls muscle tone through overall excitability of motor neurons via:

Answer 6

descending reticulospinal

Question 7

reticular formation controls eye movements via:

Answer 7

PPRF in pons (paramedian pontine reticular formation) and horizontal gaze center

Question 8

reticular formation controls autonomic control via what inputs

Answer 8

from sensory receptors (solitary nucleus) and hypothalamus

Question 9

reticular formation controls autonomic control via what outputs

Answer 9

to vagus nerve and thoracic spinal cord

Question 10

inputs info the deep nuclei of the cerebellum and cortex of cerebellum are from

Answer 10

mossy fibers (specific) and climbing fibers (inferior olive, overall)

Question 11

what do mossy fibers originate from

Answer 11

• vestibular nuclei
• reticular formation
• spinal cord
• lateral cuneate nucleus
• pontine nuclei

Question 12

mossy fibers travel to:

Answer 12

granule cells to purkinje cells

Question 13

mossy fibers synapse on ____ cells in the ____ layer

Answer 13

granule cells in the granule layer

Question 14

granule cells send axons (parallel fibers) into the ____ layer and synapse on ____ cells

Answer 14

molecular layer and synapse on purkinje cells

Question 15

each purkinje cell receives ____ - _____ parallel fiber inputs

Answer 15

80,000 to 200,000

Question 16

climbing fibers send to what cells in what layer?

Answer 16

purkinje, stellate, and basket cells in the molecular layer

Question 17

climbing fibers to purkinje, stellate, and basket cells in the molecular layer are important for

Answer 17

driving overall activity of cerebellar cortex

Question 18

is purkinje output inhibitory or excitatory to deep nucleus cells? (and what NT is used)

Answer 18

inhibitory

thought to use GABA

Question 19

cerebellar disease is characterized by:

Answer 19

incoordination, ataxia of gait, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, nystagmus

Question 20

vestibular division of the cerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) is responsible for:

Answer 20

balance, eye movements (especially during rapid movements), initiating saccades

Question 21

spinal division of the cerebellum (vermis) is responsible for:

Answer 21

muscle tone, motor rhythms (walking, spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar), coordinating intended movement with sensory feedback, learning, improvement

Question 22

the cortical division of the cerebellum (rest of cerebellar hemispheres) is responsible for:

Answer 22

planning and prediction of rapid movements, starts and stops

Question 23

dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 23

impairment in rapid alternating movements

Question 24

dysarthria

Answer 24

impairment in articulation of speech

Question 25

nystagmus

Answer 25

rhythmic oscillation of the eyes

Question 26

basal ganglia controls:

Answer 26

background muscle tone for voluntary movements

Question 27

diseases of basal ganglia

Answer 27

• Huntington’s disease

- Parkinson’s disease

Question 28

Huntington’s disease is classified by degeneration of:

Answer 28

caudate and putamen and loss of inhibition of globes pallidus

Question 29

Huntington’s disease is characterized by

Answer 29

sudden involuntary movements and facial grimaces

Question 30

Parkinson’s disease is classified as degeneration of:

Answer 30

dopaminergic fibers from substantial nigra and loss of nigral inhibition of caudate and putamen

Question 31

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by

Answer 31

stiffness, mask-like face, resting tremor