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Theriogenology > Retained Placenta, SIPS, Pyometra, Vaginal Hyperplasia, Brucellosis, and ORS > Flashcards

Retained Placenta, SIPS, Pyometra, Vaginal Hyperplasia, Brucellosis, and ORS Flashcards

1
Q

What do you give for hemorrhage post-partum?

A

Oxytocin

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2
Q

What is the Hct of dogs commonly at term?

A

30%

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3
Q

What are clinical signs of retained placenta?

A

Thick vaginal discharge

Possible toxic discharge

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4
Q

What is given as treatment for retained placenta?

A

Oxytocin q4-6 hours for 3 days
Prostaglandins for ecbolic effects
Antibiotics if showing clinical signs

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5
Q

What is acute metritis?

A

Ascending infection of the uterus

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6
Q

What are clinical signs of acute metritis?

A 
Fever
Dehydration
Anorexia
Depression
Purulent discharge
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7
Q

Is a nonodorous, greenish black liquid in the uterus normal?

A

Yes, it is normal lochia

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8
Q

What is helpful in diagnosing acute metritis?

A

Culture and cytology to look for degenerative nutrophils

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9
Q

Why is supportive care needed for acute metritis?

A

Hypovolemic shock

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10
Q

How can you treat acute metritis?

A

Antibiotics
Prostaglandins more commonly
Oxytocin can be used

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11
Q

What is a clinical sign of sub-involution of placental sites?

A

Sanguineous vaginal discharge for longer than 6 weeks (up to 16 weeks)

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12
Q

What causes sub-involution of placental sites?

A

Trophoblastic cells invade the endometrium and erode into a blood vessel

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13
Q

What is the treatment for sub-involution of placental sites?

A

Young bitches <3 years: OHE in worst cases
Generally resolve spontaneously: several weeks to net proestrus
OHE in worst cases

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14
Q

When is vaginal hyperplasia typically seen?

A

During proestrus and estrus

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15
Q

What is vaginal hyperplasia a condition of?

A

Estrogen exposure

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16
Q

What are the treatment options for vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Ovulatory induction
OHE
Topical therapy
Surgery

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17
Q

What are clinical signs of acute mastitis?

A

Hot, painful, enlarged glands

Hematogenous, ascending through teat orifice

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18
Q

What are common causes of acute mastitis?

A

Staphylococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
E. coli

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19
Q

What do you treat acute mastitis with?

A

Supportive care and antibiotics

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20
Q

What is a rule out for acute mastitis?

A

Mammary adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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22
Q

What is pyometra secondary to?

A

Repeated exposure to progesterone

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23
Q

When does the uterus become infected leading to pyometra?

A

During estrus

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24
Q

When does the uterus become pus filled with pyometra?

A

During diestrus

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25
Q

What is a common problem associated with pyometra?

A

Releases toxins into the circulation

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26
Q

What is the most common cause of pyometra?

A

E. coli

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27
Q

What is the signalment associated with pyometra?

A

4 to 8 weeks after estrus

Middle to older aged intact female

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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

A 
ADR
PU/PD
Anorexic
Vaginal discharge
Depressed
Shock and death
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29
Q

True or false: dogs with a closed cervix pyometra are less sick.

A

False. Dogs with an open cervix pyometra aren’t as sick because they are getting some relief. Closed has more clinical signs because it is full of pus that can’t get out

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30
Q

Why does PU/PD happen with pyometra?

A

E. coli releases endotoxin which causes a problem with ADH absorption

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31
Q

What diagnostics are used for pyometra?

A 
Vaginal cytology
CBC
Chem panel
Rads and US
Culture
32
Q

If you had one diagnostic tool to use for pyometra, what would it be and why?

A

US

A pyometra will appear hyperechoic and will look like a snow globe

33
Q

What are the cytology findings with pyometra?

A

A lot of degenerative neutrophils

34
Q

What will show up in most cases on CBC?

A

Leukocytosis, though if it is normal or less we would not rule pyometra out
May have changes in BUN

35
Q

What would be the results of a urinalysis with pyometra?

A

Concurrent UTI with the same bacteria

36
Q

True or False: you would use cystocentesis for obtaining a urine sample in a dog with pyometra.

A

False. DO NOT USE CYSTOCENTESIS. Free catch is a better option.

37
Q

What is the best treatment for pyometra?

A

OHE

38
Q

What is the medical management for pyometra?

A

Select patients carefully. If extremely ill do not use. Only consider with valuable breeding animals and those with open cervix
Prostaglandins: 0.25 mg/kg/day, SQ, for 5 days starting with a lower dose
Supportive care
OHE once breeding career is finished

39
Q

What is ORS a complication of?

A

OHE

40
Q

Is ORS more common in cats or dogs?

A

Cats

41
Q

When does ORS occur?

A

When a piece of retained ovary becomes functional

42
Q

What are clinical signs of ORS?

A

Spayed female exhibiting signs of proestrus/estrus: vuvlar swelling, mucoid to serosanguious discharge, behavioral signs
Pseudocyesis

43
Q

What are the various conditions that cause blood vaginal dischatge in spayed females?

A 
ORS
Vaginitis
Vaginal neoplasia
Stump pyometra
Trauma
Exogenous estrogen exposure
44
Q

What is the average interval from OHE to estrus?

A

Over 15 months

45
Q

What can be used for diagnosis of ORS?

A

Vaginal cytology
Vaginoscopy
Rads and US are usually not helpful
Hormone profile

46
Q

What is seen on vaginal cytology with ORS?

A

Consistent with proestrus or estrus in the absence of exogenous estrogen exposure
Predominant cornified/superficial cells

47
Q

What is seen with vaginoscopy with ORS?

A

Vaginal edema

48
Q

When is using US an exception for ORS?

A

Large breed dogs with large follicles or cysts present

49
Q

What hormones should be checked with ORS?

A

P4
LH
AMH

50
Q

When should P4 be measured when testing for ORS?

A

After estrus subsides (2 weeks later)

51
Q

What does the presence of P4 > 2 confirm?

A

The presence of luteal tissue

52
Q

What should be given to cats to test their P4 for ORS?

A

GnRH because they are induced ovulators

53
Q

How is the LH concentration used in diagnosing ORS?

A

Spayed females have a high LH, so if LH is low it is likely that the animal has ORS
You must be careful using this in a dog with potential ORS becuase they will still have an LH surge on one day, so test for a couple of days

54
Q

What is AMH produced by?

A

Sertoli cells and granulosa cells

55
Q

What do elevated AMH levels indicate?

A

Functional ovarian tissue

56
Q

What is the treatment of ORS?

A

Remove offending tissue surgically

Lifelong medical management with mibolerone (not recommended)

57
Q

What was canine brucellosis identified as a cause of if 1966?

A

Infertility and abortion

58
Q

Is brucellosis zoonotic?

A

Yes

59
Q

What states is brucellosis reportable in?

A

Georgia and Illinois

60
Q

What causative agents of brucellosis are reportable in MS?

A

Brucella abortus, suis, and melitensis

61
Q

What is the etiology of canine brucellosis?

A

Brucella canis is an obligate intracellular gram-negative coccobacillus
Natural infection restricted to canines

62
Q

What are the modes of transmission of canine brucellosis?

A

Ingestion of bacteria (most common)
Venereal transmission
AI
Vertical transmission

63
Q

What can be ingested that will contain the bacteria to cause brucellosis?

A

Placental tissue
Vaginal discharge
Mammary secretions

64
Q

How can AI cause brucellosis?

A

Most extenders with antibiotics have been found to be ineffective against B. canis

65
Q

How does vertical transmission cause brucellosis?

A

Congenital infection if pups are born alive and survive

Ingestion of milk from infected bitch

66
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine brucellosis?

A

Infertility (most common)
Most dogs show no or few
Prolonged bacteremia (1-2 years) without fever
Reproductive disorders in the bitch: abortion late in gestation (classic sign), early embryonic death, sero-purulent vaginal discharge
Reproductive disorders in the male: Prostatitis, Epididymitis, Scrotal dermatitis, Testicular degeneration, Orchitis is rare

General symptoms:
Lymphadenopathy
Anterior uveitis
Discospondylitis
Arthritis
PLN
67
Q

What tests can be used to diagnose canine brucellosis?

A 
Serology
Rapid card agglutination test (RCAT)
AGID
Culture
PCR of semen or vaginal swab
68
Q

How is serology used when diagnosing brucellosis?

A

Significant lag time between initial exposure/infection to seroconversion/positive blood culture
Seroconversion: 8-12 weeks
Blood culture positive: 4-6 weeks

69
Q

What is the RCAT?

A

Antibodies to Brucella LPS antigen
Very sensitive, not very specific
Cross reacts with antibodies agains Bordetella, Pseudomonas, Moraxella-type organisms
2-mercaptoethanol increases specificity

70
Q

What is the AGID?

A

Used to confirm positive RSAT
Cytoplasmic antigens
More specific
12 weeks to seroconvert

71
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing brucellosis?

A

Culture though it can be very difficult to grow and rarely done because it is a danger to ab personnel

72
Q

What are animals that are chonically infected with brucellosis like?

A

May never be febrile despite persistent bacteremia

Males have testicular degeneration

73
Q

What is the treatment of brucellosis?

A

Euthanasia should always be considered
OHE/Castration
Baytril for 30 days
Doxycycline + gentamicin + rifamoin

74
Q

What are older therapies of brucellosis that rarely cured it?

A

Tetracycline + streptomycin

Minocycline + streptomycin

75
Q

How can brucellosis be controlled?

A

Quarantine kennel
Clean kennels daily
Test and eliminate all positives
Test monthly until 3 negative tests in a row
Test every 6-12 months for surveillance
House new dogs separately for 2 months
Should have 2 negative tests before introduction

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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