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Theriogenology > Feline Reproduction > Flashcards

Feline Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average age of puberty?

A

5-9 months

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2
Q

What is puberty affected by?

A

Breed
Photoperiod (long day breeders)
Body weight
Body condition

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3
Q

What cats cycle sooner?

A

Free roaming

Group housing or the intro of tom or queen in estrus

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4
Q

What is the seaonality of cats?

A

Seasonally polyestrus

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5
Q

When do cats cycle?

A

February to September (long day breeders)

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6
Q

When do cats have a period of anestrus?

A

October to January (short days_

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7
Q

How often will cats display estrus?

A

Every 14 days

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8
Q

Why may a cat not display estrus?

A

Pregnancy
Pseudopregnancy (30-50 days)
Sterilization
Illness

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9
Q

What is the queen like during proestrus?

A

Attractive, but not receptive

Signs can be difficult to detect

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10
Q

What is proestrus?

A

Period of rapid ovarian growth

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11
Q

What is the duration of proestrus?

A

12 hours to 3 days

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12
Q

What is estrus?

A

Period of sexual receptivity

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13
Q

What is the duration of estrus?

A

4-7 days

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14
Q

What hormone peaks during estrus?

A

Estradiol

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15
Q

What may you see during estrus?

A

Edematous labia

Scant discharge

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16
Q

What does the queen do during estrus?

A

Vocalizes and calls to tom

Assumes lordosis stance in the presence of tom

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17
Q

How is the lordosis stance elicited?

A

Stroking queen’s back

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18
Q

What is interestrus?

A

Cats don’t ovulate every cycle as they are induced ovulators

Period of sexual inactivity during follicular waves

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19
Q

What is the duration of interestrus?

A

Average of 1-3 weeks

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20
Q

When does diestrus occur?

A

Only if ovulation occurs

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21
Q

When do CLs form during diestrus?

A

Within 48 hours of ovulation

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22
Q

How long do CLs remain functional?

A

45 days if not pregnant

57 days if pregnant

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23
Q

What happens to thee CL if the queen is not pregnant?

A

Regresses and a normal interestrous interval follows

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24
Q

What is anestrus?

A

Period of sexual rest

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25
Q

When is anestrus?

A

October to January in free roaming cats

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26
Q

What can anestrus be manipulated with?

A

Lighting

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27
Q

When does peak reproductive activity occur?

A

Between 1.5 to 8 years of age

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28
Q

What is the average number of litters per year?

A

2-3

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29
Q

What is the average number of kittens per litter?

A

3-4

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30
Q

What is the fertility of old and young cats?

A

They will cycle irregularly and are prone to small litters and more stillbirths

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31
Q

What is unique about a male Tortoishell or Calcio?

A

Rare (1:3000)
Infertile
If a male cat is bot orange and black in color he has an XXY genotype (orange and black are found on X chromosome) so he is infertile

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32
Q

What is the breeding behavior of a cat?

A 
Usually occurs at night
Vocalization is common
Courtship is brief (10 sec-5 min)
Tom grasps queen's neck with his teeth
Grips queen's side with his forelegs
Intromission and ejaculation occur within a few seconds
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33
Q

What is the post coital reaction by the queen?

A 
Lasts several minutes
Queen will often scream
May attack tom
Rolls on the ground
Licks vaginal area
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34
Q

When can additional matings occur?

A

After 20-30 minutes

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35
Q

Is cytology helpful prior to breeding? P4 level?

A

Cytology is marginally helpful

P4 level is not helpful

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36
Q

When should breeding occur?

A

Over 1-3 days, 2 hours daily

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37
Q

What is required for ovulation?

A

Mechanical stimulation or copulation (induced ovulator)

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38
Q

What happens once mating occurs?

A

LH is released from the pituitary within minutes

Multiple matings increase LH levels

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39
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

25-30 hours after mating

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40
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

Ovulation occurs without pregnancy

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41
Q

Will the queen exhibit estrus while pseudopregnant?

42
Q

What is the luteal phase like in pseudopregnancy?

A

1/2 as long as gestation (35 days) which allows for a more rapid return to estrus

43
Q

What is the average gestation length?

A

65-67 days

44
Q

When is relaxin detected?

A

After 25 days of pregnancy

45
Q

What is a very effective method of detecting pregnancy?

46
Q

When is the “string of marbles” present?

A

Around 17-20 days

47
Q

What occurs at 25 days of pregnancy?

A

There is a generalized uteromegaly

48
Q

When are fetal heads palpable?

A

At 50 days of pregnancy

49
Q

When does fetal ossification occur?

A

At 43 days

50
Q

When can you US to detect pregnancy?

51
Q

When can you detect fetal heartbeats?

52
Q

What is the queen like during parturition?

A

Often isolated or secluded

May be irritable and groom a lot prior to delivery

53
Q

What time is delivery common?

54
Q

Is a drop in temperature 12 hours prior to delivery as consistent in cats as it is in dogs?

55
Q

How long does the entire delivery take?

A

Approximately 6 hours

56
Q

What is the interval between kittens?

A

15-30 minutes

57
Q

What happens to parturition if the queen is stressed?

A

Occasional delay of 12-48 hours

58
Q

What happens during the first stage of parturition?

A 
Nesting behavior
Lasts 1-24 hours
Restlessness
Paw or dig at floor
Grooming
Vocalizing
Uterine contractions
Cervix dilates
59
Q

What happens during the 2nd stage of parturition?

A 
Period of active straining
Delivery of kittens
Anterior or posterior presentations are normal
Vigorous licking of kitten
Placenta is often ingested
Directs kitten towards nipple
Average of 1 still born per litter
60
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of parturition?

A

Expulsion of placenta

May have several kittens before expulsion of placentas

61
Q

What may pregnancy loss be associated with?

A

Infectious causes
Nutritional insufficiency
Fetal chromosomal defects
Maternal hormonal aberrations

62
Q

What are the infectious causes of pregnancy loss?

A

FeLV
FIV
FIP
Panleukopenia virus

63
Q

What are causes of dystocia?

A 
Obstruction (maternal or fetal)
Uterine inertia (primary or secondary)
64
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in the queen?

A

Primary uterine inertia

65
Q

When should you worry during parturition?

A

When gestation length exceeds 71 days from first breeding
Presence of P4 level <2 ng/ml
More than 4 hours of straining before first kitten
More than 2 hours between kittens
Partial expulsion of fetus
Signs of shock in the queen

66
Q

What should you do in absence of maternal compromise or obstruction?

A

Give oxytocin 1-3 units IM; can repeat in 30 minutes

Plan for c-section if no response

67
Q

What is beneficial for passive immunity in orphaned kittens?

68
Q

When does absorption of colostrum cease in orphaned kittens?

A

After 16 hours

69
Q

How can you give colostrum to an orphaned kitten?

A

Can give 15 mls of serum SQ or intra-peritoneal over 24 hours

70
Q

What must you stimulate kittens to do when hand raising them?

A

Stimulate to urinate and defecate

71
Q

What must you watch for when hand raising kittens?

A

Nursing each other

72
Q

What is beneficial about a non-lactating queen accepting a litter?

A

It will give kittens needed social and behavioral development

73
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of normal testicular descent

74
Q

What hormone are the spines on the penis dependent on?

A

Testosterone

75
Q

When are the spines on the penis lost?

A

Within weeks of castration

76
Q

Where are the testes usually located when the tom is cryptorchid?

A

Intra-abdominal

77
Q

What can be used to check for cryptorchidism?

78
Q

What percent of mammary tumors are malignant?

A

90%

50-90% metastasize

79
Q

What breed most commonly gets mammary tumors?

80
Q

What is often required with mammary tumors?

A

Aggressive mastectomy

81
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia?

A

Firm, non-painful, enlarged mammary glands

82
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia usually seen in?

A

Young cats after ovulation or during pregnancy

83
Q

What is mammary hyperplasia due to?

A

Sensitivity to progesterone

84
Q

When does mammary hyperplasia resolve?

A

After removal of P4 (source is ovaries)

85
Q

What are treatments for mammary hyperplasia?

A

OVH
PGF2α
P4 antagonists

86
Q

What does ovarian remnant syndrome cause?

A

Apparent cyclicity in spayed queens

87
Q

How do you diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

Elevated AMH levels

88
Q

What should LH levels be like in spayed cats? Cats with ORS?

A

Persistently high if spayed

Absent LH with ORS

89
Q

What is the treatment of choice for LRS?

90
Q

When does uterine prolapse often occur?

A

Just after parturition

91
Q

What is usually prolapsed in a uterine prolapse?

A

Both horns and part of the uterine body

92
Q

What are the treatments for prolapse?

A

Amputation
Manual reduction and repositioning
Manual reduction followed by OHE
Partial manual reduction with full reduction at surgery

93
Q

What does the prolapse treatment choice depend on?

A

Tissue health

Owner’s wish for future reproduction

94
Q

What age are cats affected by pyometra?

A

Average of about 7 years of age

95
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

A 
Vaginal discharge
Anorexia
Abdominal distension
Dehydration
Lethargy
Pyrexia
96
Q

What is used to diagnose pyometra?

A 
Signalment
History (likely was in heat 4 weeks ago)
PE findings
Rads
US
Culture of discharge
97
Q

What is the treatment of choice for pyometra?

A

OHE, always give fluids and antibiotics

98
Q

Are open cervix cases an emergency?

A

Not always, but the queen does need prompt attention

99
Q

What is medical management of pyometra valuable for?

A

Breeding queens with open cervix pyometra

100
Q

What is used to medically manage pyometra?

A

Lutalyse 0.25 mg/kg SQ BID for 5 days

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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