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Theriogenology > Canine Pregnancy > Flashcards

Canine Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the techniques for AI?

A

Vaginal
Trans-cervical
Surgical

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2
Q

What does the timing of insemination depend on?

A

Type of semen being used

Longevity of semen

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3
Q

What is the procedure for vaginal AI?

A

Collect semen in insemination pipette

Place in external cervical os

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4
Q

What is the conception rate with vaginal AI?

A

70-85%

Increases with >1 breeding

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5
Q

What is the procedure for chilled semen AI?

A

Unpackage semen
Place semen at external cervical os
Lifespan <4 days in normal dogs

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6
Q

What s the conception rate with chilled semen AI?

A

60-85%

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7
Q

What does the conception rate with chilled semen AI depend on?

A

Semen quality and timing

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8
Q

What does transcervical AI utilize?

A

Endoscopy

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9
Q

When is surgical AI a promising tool?

A

When attempting to use the older or marginally fertile male

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10
Q

What is the cytology in diestrus?

A

<50% cornified cells, intermeditate cells return and increase as do parabasal cells

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11
Q

What is the level of P4 like in diestrus?

A

High

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12
Q

What is the source of P4?

A

Corpus lutea of ovaries

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13
Q

True or False: diestrus occurs regardless of pregnancy status.

A

True

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14
Q

What is a pseudo-pregnancy?

A

A misnomer as an intact bitch always has a luteal phase with high progesterone and most resolve without treatmetn

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15
Q

What is a pseudo-pregnancy due to?

A

Elevated prolactin levels in the face of falling P4

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pseudo-pregnancy?

A

Mammary development
Behavioral changes: nesting, agitation
Increased appetite and maybe an enlarged abdomen

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17
Q

Why may treatment of a pseudo-pregnancy be indicated?

A

Due to increased risk of mammary tumors

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18
Q

What should be a rule out for pseudo-pregnancy?

A

Pyometra

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19
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done via palpation?

A

At 20-40 days

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20
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with ultrasound?

A

20+ days

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21
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with relaxin assay?

A

At 25 days

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22
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with rads

A

After 42 days

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23
Q

Why can’t we use a progesterone test to diagnose pregnancy?

A

P4 levels will be high regardless of if the animal is pregnant or not

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24
Q

Can we use human pregnancy tests?

A

No, it tests for hCG

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25
Q

What is the shape of the canine placenta?

A

Zonary

26
Q

What is the origin of the canine placenta?

A

Chorioallantoic

27
Q

What is the degree of invasiveness of the canine placenta?

A

Endotheliochorial

28
Q

What is the structure of fetal placental vasculature of the canine placenta?

A

Labryinthine

29
Q

What is the degree of intimacy of attachment to the endometrium of the canine placenta?

A

Deciduate

30
Q

What is the length of pregnancy?

A

64-66 days from the LH surge
57 days from the onset of cytological diestrus
Can have apparent length of 57-67 days from breeding

31
Q

What usually corresponds with the LH surge?

A

Progesterone of 2.0-2.9

32
Q

What happens at the beginning of parturition?

A

Sharp decline in progesterone with resultant decline in body temperature
Prolactin increase and peaks before with a short decline, followed by an increase when the pups suckle

33
Q

How much does the temperature drop in parturition?

A

1.5 deg. F

34
Q

When does the temperature return to normal?

A

Immediately following parturition

35
Q

How many stages are involved in delivery?

A

3

36
Q

How long is stage 1 of delivery?

A

6-12 hours

37
Q

How long is stage 2 of delivery?

A

3-12 hours

38
Q

How long is stage 3 of delivery?

A

Follow each fetus within 15 minutes

39
Q

What takes the longest in delivery?

A

Expulsion of the first fetus

40
Q

What is the interval between pups?

A

Can be 5 minutes to 2 hours

41
Q

When may clinical management become involved in parturition?

A

Approximately 24 hours after the final drop in progesterone: less than 2ng/ml, drop in body temp

42
Q

What is involved in diagnosing the 2nd stage of labor?

A

Passage of fetal fluids
Visible abdominal straining
Rectal temperature returning to normal after abrupt drop

43
Q

What are clinical signs of dystocia?

A

Greenish brown discharge without delivery of first pup in 2-4 hours
Strong regular straining for >20-30 minutes without progress
More than 2-4 hours between pups
Dam in 2nd stage of labor for >12 hours

44
Q

What is the incidence of dystocia in dogs?

A

5%, though it is 100% in some breeds

45
Q

What are the risk factors for dystocia?

A

Brachcephalic, toy breeds

Singelton (or 2) litter

46
Q

What percent of dystocias are due to maternal causes? Fetal?

A

75% maternal

25% fetal

47
Q

What are maternal causes of dystocia?

A

Primary uterine inertia (number one cause:50% of cases)

Secondary uterine inertia (25% of cases)

48
Q

What are fetal causes of dystocia?

A 
Malpresentation (15% of cases)
Fetal oversize (6% of cases)
Malformations and fetal death (2.5% of cases)
49
Q

What should be done in a clinical exam of a pregnant dog?

A 
PE
Vaginal exam (fetus in birth canal)
Mammary chain (presence of milk)
Palpate abdomen
Rads or US
50
Q

What can be determined with Rads or US?

A

Fetal viability and numbers

Fetal HR less than 150 indicates stress

51
Q

What are causes of obstruction?

A

Torsion (cats)
Malposition
Narrow birth canal or vaginal stricture
Fetal anasarca (hydrops fetalis, water babies or walrus puppies)

52
Q

What are options for medical management for labor?

A

Oxytocin

Calcium gluconate

53
Q

What are options for surgical management for labor?

A

Caesarian section

54
Q

What is uterine inertia treated with?

A

Oxytocin (10-20 units IM)
Calcium
Feathering vagina

55
Q

How should calcium be given?

A

10% calcium gluconate 1 ml/kg slowly IV
Should give prior to oxytocin in hypocalcemia is suspected
Can give SQ to avoid arrythmias

56
Q

What percent of cases are successful with digital manipulation and medical management?

A

25%

57
Q

What percent of cases end up requiring c-sections?

A

75%

58
Q

How is a c-section performed?

A 
Ventral midline incision
Exteriorize uterus
Uterotomy incision
Delliver pups after breaking down fetal membranes
Double clamp umbilicus
Deliver to assistant
Inverting pattern in uterus
Routine abdominal closure
59
Q

What is used for induction?

A

Propofol

60
Q

What is used for inhalant?

A

Iso or sevo

61
Q

What is used for a line block on the abdomen?

A

Lidocaine

62
Q

What should be avoided for anesthesia?

A

Alpha 2 agonist

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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