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Theriogenology > Canine Pregnancy > Flashcards

Canine Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the techniques for AI?

A

Vaginal
Trans-cervical
Surgical

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2
Q

What does the timing of insemination depend on?

A

Type of semen being used

Longevity of semen

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3
Q

What is the procedure for vaginal AI?

A

Collect semen in insemination pipette

Place in external cervical os

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4
Q

What is the conception rate with vaginal AI?

A

70-85%

Increases with >1 breeding

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5
Q

What is the procedure for chilled semen AI?

A

Unpackage semen
Place semen at external cervical os
Lifespan <4 days in normal dogs

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6
Q

What s the conception rate with chilled semen AI?

A

60-85%

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7
Q

What does the conception rate with chilled semen AI depend on?

A

Semen quality and timing

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8
Q

What does transcervical AI utilize?

A

Endoscopy

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9
Q

When is surgical AI a promising tool?

A

When attempting to use the older or marginally fertile male

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10
Q

What is the cytology in diestrus?

A

<50% cornified cells, intermeditate cells return and increase as do parabasal cells

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11
Q

What is the level of P4 like in diestrus?

A

High

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12
Q

What is the source of P4?

A

Corpus lutea of ovaries

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13
Q

True or False: diestrus occurs regardless of pregnancy status.

A

True

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14
Q

What is a pseudo-pregnancy?

A

A misnomer as an intact bitch always has a luteal phase with high progesterone and most resolve without treatmetn

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15
Q

What is a pseudo-pregnancy due to?

A

Elevated prolactin levels in the face of falling P4

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pseudo-pregnancy?

A

Mammary development
Behavioral changes: nesting, agitation
Increased appetite and maybe an enlarged abdomen

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17
Q

Why may treatment of a pseudo-pregnancy be indicated?

A

Due to increased risk of mammary tumors

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18
Q

What should be a rule out for pseudo-pregnancy?

A

Pyometra

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19
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done via palpation?

A

At 20-40 days

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20
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with ultrasound?

A

20+ days

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21
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with relaxin assay?

A

At 25 days

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22
Q

When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with rads

A

After 42 days

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23
Q

Why can’t we use a progesterone test to diagnose pregnancy?

A

P4 levels will be high regardless of if the animal is pregnant or not

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24
Q

Can we use human pregnancy tests?

A

No, it tests for hCG

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25
What is the shape of the canine placenta?
Zonary
26
What is the origin of the canine placenta?
Chorioallantoic
27
What is the degree of invasiveness of the canine placenta?
Endotheliochorial
28
What is the structure of fetal placental vasculature of the canine placenta?
Labryinthine
29
What is the degree of intimacy of attachment to the endometrium of the canine placenta?
Deciduate
30
What is the length of pregnancy?
64-66 days from the LH surge 57 days from the onset of cytological diestrus Can have apparent length of 57-67 days from breeding
31
What usually corresponds with the LH surge?
Progesterone of 2.0-2.9
32
What happens at the beginning of parturition?
Sharp decline in progesterone with resultant decline in body temperature Prolactin increase and peaks before with a short decline, followed by an increase when the pups suckle
33
How much does the temperature drop in parturition?
1.5 deg. F
34
When does the temperature return to normal?
Immediately following parturition
35
How many stages are involved in delivery?
3
36
How long is stage 1 of delivery?
6-12 hours
37
How long is stage 2 of delivery?
3-12 hours
38
How long is stage 3 of delivery?
Follow each fetus within 15 minutes
39
What takes the longest in delivery?
Expulsion of the first fetus
40
What is the interval between pups?
Can be 5 minutes to 2 hours
41
When may clinical management become involved in parturition?
Approximately 24 hours after the final drop in progesterone: less than 2ng/ml, drop in body temp
42
What is involved in diagnosing the 2nd stage of labor?
Passage of fetal fluids Visible abdominal straining Rectal temperature returning to normal after abrupt drop
43
What are clinical signs of dystocia?
Greenish brown discharge without delivery of first pup in 2-4 hours Strong regular straining for >20-30 minutes without progress More than 2-4 hours between pups Dam in 2nd stage of labor for >12 hours
44
What is the incidence of dystocia in dogs?
5%, though it is 100% in some breeds
45
What are the risk factors for dystocia?
Brachcephalic, toy breeds | Singelton (or 2) litter
46
What percent of dystocias are due to maternal causes? Fetal?
75% maternal | 25% fetal
47
What are maternal causes of dystocia?
Primary uterine inertia (number one cause:50% of cases) | Secondary uterine inertia (25% of cases)
48
What are fetal causes of dystocia?
``` Malpresentation (15% of cases) Fetal oversize (6% of cases) Malformations and fetal death (2.5% of cases) ```
49
What should be done in a clinical exam of a pregnant dog?
``` PE Vaginal exam (fetus in birth canal) Mammary chain (presence of milk) Palpate abdomen Rads or US ```
50
What can be determined with Rads or US?
Fetal viability and numbers | Fetal HR less than 150 indicates stress
51
What are causes of obstruction?
Torsion (cats) Malposition Narrow birth canal or vaginal stricture Fetal anasarca (hydrops fetalis, water babies or walrus puppies)
52
What are options for medical management for labor?
Oxytocin | Calcium gluconate
53
What are options for surgical management for labor?
Caesarian section
54
What is uterine inertia treated with?
Oxytocin (10-20 units IM) Calcium Feathering vagina
55
How should calcium be given?
10% calcium gluconate 1 ml/kg slowly IV Should give prior to oxytocin in hypocalcemia is suspected Can give SQ to avoid arrythmias
56
What percent of cases are successful with digital manipulation and medical management?
25%
57
What percent of cases end up requiring c-sections?
75%
58
How is a c-section performed?
``` Ventral midline incision Exteriorize uterus Uterotomy incision Delliver pups after breaking down fetal membranes Double clamp umbilicus Deliver to assistant Inverting pattern in uterus Routine abdominal closure ```
59
What is used for induction?
Propofol
60
What is used for inhalant?
Iso or sevo
61
What is used for a line block on the abdomen?
Lidocaine
62
What should be avoided for anesthesia?
Alpha 2 agonist

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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