Canine Pregnancy Flashcards
What are the techniques for AI?
Vaginal
Trans-cervical
Surgical
What does the timing of insemination depend on?
Type of semen being used
Longevity of semen
What is the procedure for vaginal AI?
Collect semen in insemination pipette
Place in external cervical os
What is the conception rate with vaginal AI?
70-85%
Increases with >1 breeding
What is the procedure for chilled semen AI?
Unpackage semen
Place semen at external cervical os
Lifespan <4 days in normal dogs
What s the conception rate with chilled semen AI?
60-85%
What does the conception rate with chilled semen AI depend on?
Semen quality and timing
What does transcervical AI utilize?
Endoscopy
When is surgical AI a promising tool?
When attempting to use the older or marginally fertile male
What is the cytology in diestrus?
<50% cornified cells, intermeditate cells return and increase as do parabasal cells
What is the level of P4 like in diestrus?
High
What is the source of P4?
Corpus lutea of ovaries
True or False: diestrus occurs regardless of pregnancy status.
True
What is a pseudo-pregnancy?
A misnomer as an intact bitch always has a luteal phase with high progesterone and most resolve without treatmetn
What is a pseudo-pregnancy due to?
Elevated prolactin levels in the face of falling P4
What are the clinical manifestations of pseudo-pregnancy?
Mammary development
Behavioral changes: nesting, agitation
Increased appetite and maybe an enlarged abdomen
Why may treatment of a pseudo-pregnancy be indicated?
Due to increased risk of mammary tumors
What should be a rule out for pseudo-pregnancy?
Pyometra
When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done via palpation?
At 20-40 days
When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with ultrasound?
20+ days
When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with relaxin assay?
At 25 days
When can a pregnancy diagnosis be done with rads
After 42 days
Why can’t we use a progesterone test to diagnose pregnancy?
P4 levels will be high regardless of if the animal is pregnant or not
Can we use human pregnancy tests?
No, it tests for hCG
What is the shape of the canine placenta?
Zonary
What is the origin of the canine placenta?
Chorioallantoic
What is the degree of invasiveness of the canine placenta?
Endotheliochorial
What is the structure of fetal placental vasculature of the canine placenta?
Labryinthine
What is the degree of intimacy of attachment to the endometrium of the canine placenta?
Deciduate
What is the length of pregnancy?
64-66 days from the LH surge
57 days from the onset of cytological diestrus
Can have apparent length of 57-67 days from breeding
What usually corresponds with the LH surge?
Progesterone of 2.0-2.9
What happens at the beginning of parturition?
Sharp decline in progesterone with resultant decline in body temperature
Prolactin increase and peaks before with a short decline, followed by an increase when the pups suckle
How much does the temperature drop in parturition?
1.5 deg. F
When does the temperature return to normal?
Immediately following parturition
How many stages are involved in delivery?
3
How long is stage 1 of delivery?
6-12 hours
How long is stage 2 of delivery?
3-12 hours
How long is stage 3 of delivery?
Follow each fetus within 15 minutes
What takes the longest in delivery?
Expulsion of the first fetus
What is the interval between pups?
Can be 5 minutes to 2 hours
When may clinical management become involved in parturition?
Approximately 24 hours after the final drop in progesterone: less than 2ng/ml, drop in body temp
What is involved in diagnosing the 2nd stage of labor?
Passage of fetal fluids
Visible abdominal straining
Rectal temperature returning to normal after abrupt drop
What are clinical signs of dystocia?
Greenish brown discharge without delivery of first pup in 2-4 hours
Strong regular straining for >20-30 minutes without progress
More than 2-4 hours between pups
Dam in 2nd stage of labor for >12 hours
What is the incidence of dystocia in dogs?
5%, though it is 100% in some breeds
What are the risk factors for dystocia?
Brachcephalic, toy breeds
Singelton (or 2) litter
What percent of dystocias are due to maternal causes? Fetal?
75% maternal
25% fetal
What are maternal causes of dystocia?
Primary uterine inertia (number one cause:50% of cases)
Secondary uterine inertia (25% of cases)
What are fetal causes of dystocia?
Malpresentation (15% of cases) Fetal oversize (6% of cases) Malformations and fetal death (2.5% of cases)
What should be done in a clinical exam of a pregnant dog?
PE Vaginal exam (fetus in birth canal) Mammary chain (presence of milk) Palpate abdomen Rads or US
What can be determined with Rads or US?
Fetal viability and numbers
Fetal HR less than 150 indicates stress
What are causes of obstruction?
Torsion (cats)
Malposition
Narrow birth canal or vaginal stricture
Fetal anasarca (hydrops fetalis, water babies or walrus puppies)
What are options for medical management for labor?
Oxytocin
Calcium gluconate
What are options for surgical management for labor?
Caesarian section
What is uterine inertia treated with?
Oxytocin (10-20 units IM)
Calcium
Feathering vagina
How should calcium be given?
10% calcium gluconate 1 ml/kg slowly IV
Should give prior to oxytocin in hypocalcemia is suspected
Can give SQ to avoid arrythmias
What percent of cases are successful with digital manipulation and medical management?
25%
What percent of cases end up requiring c-sections?
75%
How is a c-section performed?
Ventral midline incision Exteriorize uterus Uterotomy incision Delliver pups after breaking down fetal membranes Double clamp umbilicus Deliver to assistant Inverting pattern in uterus Routine abdominal closure
What is used for induction?
Propofol
What is used for inhalant?
Iso or sevo
What is used for a line block on the abdomen?
Lidocaine
What should be avoided for anesthesia?
Alpha 2 agonist
