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Theriogenology > Canine Estrous Cycle, Vaginal Cytology, Breeding Management > Flashcards

Canine Estrous Cycle, Vaginal Cytology, Breeding Management Flashcards

1
Q

When do dogs come into puberty?

A

6-25 months; average 7-10 months

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2
Q

What is the seasonality of canine reproduction?

A

Non-seasonal monoestrus

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of the canine estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

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4
Q

When does the level of progesterone start to rise?

A

Towards the middle to end of proestrus when estrogen starts to drop

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5
Q

What causes the surge in LH?

A

The rise in P4 and the fall in estrogen

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6
Q

What does progesterone come from?

A

Preovulatory lutenization

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7
Q

What is the source of estrogen?

A

Preovulatory follicles

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8
Q

What is the source of progesterone?

A

CL and some from adrenal glands

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9
Q

What is the source of LH?

A

Pituitary

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10
Q

What is the source of FSH?

A

Pituitary

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11
Q

What is the source of GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Why is the progesterone level of a spayed dog low rather than absent?

A

Adrenal glands produce P4 also

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13
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Causes the release of FSH and LH

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14
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulate preovulatory follicles

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15
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes ovulation

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16
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Initiates proestrus

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17
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains pregnancy

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18
Q

Does the dog have placental take-over of progesterone?

A

No

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19
Q

How can you stage the estrous cycle?

A

Behavioral changes
Physical changes
Vaginal cytology
Endocrine levels

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20
Q

What are behavioral changes during estrous?

A

Attractiveness
Acceptance
Posture

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21
Q

What are physical changes during estrous?

A

Color
Swelling
Discharge

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22
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during estrous?

A

Percentage of cornification

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23
Q

What does the endocrine levels show during estrous?

A

The LH surge directly or indirectly

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24
Q

What is the color of the vagina/vulva in estrus? Anestrus?

A

Pink in estrus

Pale in anestrus

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25
Q

What does swelling of the vagina or vulva come from?

A

Influx of water due to the increase in sodium

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26
Q

What do cells of the vagina cornify based on?

A

Estrogen level

Cornification occurs when estrogen is high

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27
Q

What is the bitch like during proestrus?

A

Attractive, but not receptive

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28
Q

What happens to the vulva during proestrus?

A

Vulva begins to swell and discharge commences

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29
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during proestrus?

A

Predominance of intermediate cells, some cornified cells, and RBCs

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30
Q

What are the progesterone and estrogen levels during proestrus?

A

Progesterone level is basal

Estrogen level is rising

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31
Q

What is the duration of proestrus?

A

6-11 days, average of 9 days

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32
Q

What is the bitch like during estrus?

A

Attractive and receptive

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33
Q

What is the vulva like during estrus?

A

Less turgid, discharge changes to straw colored

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34
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during estrus?

A

Virtually all cells are cornified (80-90%)
Anuclear
Can see large numbers of bacteria
Few RBCs or WBCs

35
Q

What are the progesterone and estrogen levels during estrus? What occurs due to this?

A

Prevoulatory lutenization causes progesterone to rise
Estrogen has peaked and is now falling
LH surge occurs

36
Q

What is the duration of estrus?

A

3-20 days, average of 5-9 days

37
Q

What is the bitch like during diestrus?

A

Will no longer accept male

38
Q

What is the vulva like during diestrus?

A

Decreases in size and discharge stops

39
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during diestrus?

A

Dramatic shift from cornified cells back towards intermediates and parabasal cells
Lots of WBCs to clean up after heat cycle

40
Q

What is the progesterone level like during diestrus?

A

CL beings producing large amounts of progesterone (15-60 ng/ml)

41
Q

What is the duration of diestrus?

A

57 days if pregnant

Longer if not pregnant (60-100 days)

42
Q

Do dogs ovulate only after being bred?

A

No, dogs will ovulate regardless of whether or not they have been bred

43
Q

Do dogs have maternal recognition of pregnancy?

44
Q

What is anestrus?

A

Period of sexual quiescence

45
Q

What is the uterus like during anestrus?

A

Involuting and preparing for the next cycle

46
Q

What is the behavior like during anestrus?

A

Similar to a spayed female

47
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during anestrus?

A

A predominance of parabasal and intermediate cells

48
Q

What are the levels of progesterone and estrogen like during anestrus?

A

Both are low

49
Q

What is the average length of proestrus?

50
Q

What is the average length of estrus?

51
Q

How long after the LH surge will ovulation occur?

52
Q

How long does the bitch ovulate primary oocytes?

A

Over a period of 36 hours

53
Q

What happens to each primary oocyte after it has been ovulated?

A

Each undergoes a final phase of meiosis that takes 48 hours

54
Q

When and where are eggs fertilized?

A

In the oviducts 4-5 days after LH surge

55
Q

From the time of ovulation, how long do you have to wait before fertilization?

56
Q

How long do fertilized eggs remain in the oviduct?

57
Q

When do embryos migrate to the uterus?

A

By day 15, which is when implantation occurs

58
Q

What supports pregnancy throughout gestation?

59
Q

What is vaginal cytology used for?

A

To determine the presence of estrogen by evaluating the percent cornification of cells
Looks at estrogen’s effect on the vaginal epithelium

60
Q

What do cornified cells mean on vaginal cytology?

A

Estrogen levels are or recently were elevated

61
Q

What do parabasal cells mean on vaginal cytology?

A

Estrogen levels are low

62
Q

What do cornified cells look like?

A

Corn flakes

63
Q

What do parabasal cells look like?

64
Q

What is the technique for vaginal cytology?

A

Swab cranial vagina
Roll on slide
Stain with Diff-Quik

65
Q

What are the limitations to vaginal cytology?

A

Used only to stage the estrous cycle

66
Q

What is being looked on the interpretation of vaginal cytology?

A 
Parabasal cells
Intermediate cells
Cornified cells
RBCs
WBCs
67
Q

What will cells look like on vaginal cytology when they are closer to the blood supply?

A

They will be more round and the nucleus will be more prominent

68
Q

What happens to the percentage of cornified cells as proestrus progresses?

A

It increases

69
Q

What does the accuracy of the timing of breeding depend on?

A

The breeding situation

70
Q

How long can fresh dog semen can live in the repro tract? Frozen?

A

Fresh can live in the repro tract for a week

Frozen semen that is thawed has a longevity of 12-18 hours

71
Q

What are methods used to determine breeding times?

A

Behavior of the female
Vaginal cytology
Endocrine testing

72
Q

How should live cover breeding occur?

A

Supervised by owner

Breed on the 1st day of standing heat and every 2-3 days thereafter until the bitch refuses mating

73
Q

How can you determine fertile period?

A

Breed 3-6 days after LH peak

2-2-2 rule

74
Q

What is the 2-2-2 rule?

A

Progesterone equals 2.0, coincides with LH surge
Ovulation occurs 2 days later
Oocyte is capable of fertilization 2 days after that

75
Q

What does a progesterone level of 2.0 coincide with?

76
Q

How often should you test progesterone?

A

Every 2-3 days until ovulation is confirmed

77
Q

Why must you test for LH often?

A

The surge has a short duration (18-24 hours)

78
Q

What does a P4 between 4 and 6 coincide with?

79
Q

How long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?

80
Q

What does a P4 greater than 10 coincide with?

A

Fertile period

81
Q

How many days after ovulation is the fertile period?

82
Q

How many days following the LH surge do dogs whelp?

A

64-65 days

83
Q

What does a drop in progesterone before whelping coincide with?

A

Drop in temperature

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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