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Theriogenology > Canine Estrous Cycle, Vaginal Cytology, Breeding Management > Flashcards

Canine Estrous Cycle, Vaginal Cytology, Breeding Management Flashcards

1
Q

When do dogs come into puberty?

A

6-25 months; average 7-10 months

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2
Q

What is the seasonality of canine reproduction?

A

Non-seasonal monoestrus

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of the canine estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

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4
Q

When does the level of progesterone start to rise?

A

Towards the middle to end of proestrus when estrogen starts to drop

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5
Q

What causes the surge in LH?

A

The rise in P4 and the fall in estrogen

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6
Q

What does progesterone come from?

A

Preovulatory lutenization

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7
Q

What is the source of estrogen?

A

Preovulatory follicles

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8
Q

What is the source of progesterone?

A

CL and some from adrenal glands

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9
Q

What is the source of LH?

A

Pituitary

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10
Q

What is the source of FSH?

A

Pituitary

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11
Q

What is the source of GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Why is the progesterone level of a spayed dog low rather than absent?

A

Adrenal glands produce P4 also

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13
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Causes the release of FSH and LH

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14
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulate preovulatory follicles

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15
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes ovulation

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16
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Initiates proestrus

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17
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains pregnancy

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18
Q

Does the dog have placental take-over of progesterone?

A

No

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19
Q

How can you stage the estrous cycle?

A

Behavioral changes
Physical changes
Vaginal cytology
Endocrine levels

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20
Q

What are behavioral changes during estrous?

A

Attractiveness
Acceptance
Posture

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21
Q

What are physical changes during estrous?

A

Color
Swelling
Discharge

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22
Q

What does vaginal cytology show during estrous?

A

Percentage of cornification

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23
Q

What does the endocrine levels show during estrous?

A

The LH surge directly or indirectly

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24
Q

What is the color of the vagina/vulva in estrus? Anestrus?

A

Pink in estrus

Pale in anestrus

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25
What does swelling of the vagina or vulva come from?
Influx of water due to the increase in sodium
26
What do cells of the vagina cornify based on?
Estrogen level | Cornification occurs when estrogen is high
27
What is the bitch like during proestrus?
Attractive, but not receptive
28
What happens to the vulva during proestrus?
Vulva begins to swell and discharge commences
29
What does vaginal cytology show during proestrus?
Predominance of intermediate cells, some cornified cells, and RBCs
30
What are the progesterone and estrogen levels during proestrus?
Progesterone level is basal | Estrogen level is rising
31
What is the duration of proestrus?
6-11 days, average of 9 days
32
What is the bitch like during estrus?
Attractive and receptive
33
What is the vulva like during estrus?
Less turgid, discharge changes to straw colored
34
What does vaginal cytology show during estrus?
Virtually all cells are cornified (80-90%) Anuclear Can see large numbers of bacteria Few RBCs or WBCs
35
What are the progesterone and estrogen levels during estrus? What occurs due to this?
Prevoulatory lutenization causes progesterone to rise Estrogen has peaked and is now falling LH surge occurs
36
What is the duration of estrus?
3-20 days, average of 5-9 days
37
What is the bitch like during diestrus?
Will no longer accept male
38
What is the vulva like during diestrus?
Decreases in size and discharge stops
39
What does vaginal cytology show during diestrus?
Dramatic shift from cornified cells back towards intermediates and parabasal cells Lots of WBCs to clean up after heat cycle
40
What is the progesterone level like during diestrus?
CL beings producing large amounts of progesterone (15-60 ng/ml)
41
What is the duration of diestrus?
57 days if pregnant | Longer if not pregnant (60-100 days)
42
Do dogs ovulate only after being bred?
No, dogs will ovulate regardless of whether or not they have been bred
43
Do dogs have maternal recognition of pregnancy?
No
44
What is anestrus?
Period of sexual quiescence
45
What is the uterus like during anestrus?
Involuting and preparing for the next cycle
46
What is the behavior like during anestrus?
Similar to a spayed female
47
What does vaginal cytology show during anestrus?
A predominance of parabasal and intermediate cells
48
What are the levels of progesterone and estrogen like during anestrus?
Both are low
49
What is the average length of proestrus?
9 days
50
What is the average length of estrus?
9 days
51
How long after the LH surge will ovulation occur?
48 hours
52
How long does the bitch ovulate primary oocytes?
Over a period of 36 hours
53
What happens to each primary oocyte after it has been ovulated?
Each undergoes a final phase of meiosis that takes 48 hours
54
When and where are eggs fertilized?
In the oviducts 4-5 days after LH surge
55
From the time of ovulation, how long do you have to wait before fertilization?
48 hours
56
How long do fertilized eggs remain in the oviduct?
8-10 days
57
When do embryos migrate to the uterus?
By day 15, which is when implantation occurs
58
What supports pregnancy throughout gestation?
CL
59
What is vaginal cytology used for?
To determine the presence of estrogen by evaluating the percent cornification of cells Looks at estrogen's effect on the vaginal epithelium
60
What do cornified cells mean on vaginal cytology?
Estrogen levels are or recently were elevated
61
What do parabasal cells mean on vaginal cytology?
Estrogen levels are low
62
What do cornified cells look like?
Corn flakes
63
What do parabasal cells look like?
Fried egg
64
What is the technique for vaginal cytology?
Swab cranial vagina Roll on slide Stain with Diff-Quik
65
What are the limitations to vaginal cytology?
Used only to stage the estrous cycle
66
What is being looked on the interpretation of vaginal cytology?
``` Parabasal cells Intermediate cells Cornified cells RBCs WBCs ```
67
What will cells look like on vaginal cytology when they are closer to the blood supply?
They will be more round and the nucleus will be more prominent
68
What happens to the percentage of cornified cells as proestrus progresses?
It increases
69
What does the accuracy of the timing of breeding depend on?
The breeding situation
70
How long can fresh dog semen can live in the repro tract? Frozen?
Fresh can live in the repro tract for a week | Frozen semen that is thawed has a longevity of 12-18 hours
71
What are methods used to determine breeding times?
Behavior of the female Vaginal cytology Endocrine testing
72
How should live cover breeding occur?
Supervised by owner | Breed on the 1st day of standing heat and every 2-3 days thereafter until the bitch refuses mating
73
How can you determine fertile period?
Breed 3-6 days after LH peak | 2-2-2 rule
74
What is the 2-2-2 rule?
Progesterone equals 2.0, coincides with LH surge Ovulation occurs 2 days later Oocyte is capable of fertilization 2 days after that
75
What does a progesterone level of 2.0 coincide with?
LH surge
76
How often should you test progesterone?
Every 2-3 days until ovulation is confirmed
77
Why must you test for LH often?
The surge has a short duration (18-24 hours)
78
What does a P4 between 4 and 6 coincide with?
Ovulation
79
How long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?
2 days
80
What does a P4 greater than 10 coincide with?
Fertile period
81
How many days after ovulation is the fertile period?
2 days
82
How many days following the LH surge do dogs whelp?
64-65 days
83
What does a drop in progesterone before whelping coincide with?
Drop in temperature

Theriogenology (10 decks)

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