Restrictive and Obstructive pathologies Flashcards
Define obstructive and restrictive disease
Obstructive - Limits airflow to an area of the lungs due to blockage or increased airway resistance
Restrictive - Prevents standard lung movement
What is chronic bronchitis characterised as?
Persistent productive cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years. Hyper-secretion in all airways Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Inflammation
WHat is Emphysema characterised as?
Permanent dilation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli due to damage to the elastin resulting in loss of SA and V:Q mismatch
What are the types of emphysema?
Centricinar - bronchioles affected (x20 more likely)
Panacinar - alveoli affected (usually inherited)
How does emphysema present?
Without bronchitis - Pink puffer (barrel chest, pursed lips, dsypnoea and adequate O2)
With bronchitis - Blue bloater (Dyspnoea less prominent but CO2 high = Cyanotic and tend to be obese)
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to fibrosis of smooth muscle
2ndary inflammation further destroy the lung parenchyma
What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?
Chronic productive cough
Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis
Clubbing
What are the causes of bronchiectasis?
Prevention of the correct clearance method due to obstruction
Severe infection
Congenital - CF
What is ARDS?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by alveolar damage due to aspiration or injury
How is ARDS characterised?
Acute onset of dyspnoea and hypoxaemia
Uncontrolled inflammation due to imbalance of mediators
High mortality rate (70%)
What are the possible outcomes of ARDS?
70% - death
10% - Honeycomb lung
10% - Mild fibrosis
10% - Chronic severe respiratory impairment (usually death)
What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Persistent inflammation of the alveoli with an abnormal repair mechanism leading to fibrosis vis collagen deposits
What are the pneumoconioses?
group of diseases due to inhaled particulates of 1-5um in size
Cause inflammatory response and eventually fibrosis of the lung walls
How do asthmatics present?
Cough Wheee SOB Sputum production Nocturnal cough/wheeze
What can agrivate an asthmatic?
UTRIs Seasonal allergens Irritants in home/workplace Exercise intense emotion Changes in weather/cold air Drugs - NSAIDs, aspirin, beta-blockers
