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NBDE Pt 2 Flash Cards > Restorative > Flashcards

Restorative Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important thing to consider when prescribing fluoride supplements?

A

The age of the patient and concentration of fluoride in the water

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2
Q

____ are considered the best restorative materials in class IV cavity preparations

A

Composite resins

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3
Q

In acute caries, the cavity floor is ___ in consistency

A

Soft and caseous

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4
Q

Acute caries are ___ in color

A

Lighter (mostly light brown and grey)

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5
Q

What is the optimal range of drinking water fluoridation as defined by the US CDC guidelines?

A

0.7-1.2ppm

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6
Q

What are compound carious lesions?

A

Carious lesions found on two surfaces of the same tooth

Complex caries is found on MORE than 2 tooth surfaces

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7
Q

Dentinal sclerosis occurring with aging is termed ___ . Dentinal sclerosis due to mild irritation is termed ___.

A

Physiologic dentinal sclerosis

Reactive dentinal sclerosis

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8
Q

Xerostomia can cause…

A 
Dental caries
Oral candidiasis
Oral dysesthesia
Dry mucosa
Dysphagia 
Fissured tongue associated with atrophy of filiform papillae 
Difficulty wearing dentures
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9
Q

True or false… pilocarpine causes xerostomia

A

False. It is used to treat xerostomia

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10
Q

Incipient interproximal caries are typically found where?

A

Just gingival to the contact

Incipient interproximal caries extend up to half the thickness of enamel and do not extend beyond enamel

Incipient caries do not necessarily require restoration unless the patient has a high caries risk index. Prescription of fluoride toothpaste or sealants are typically sufficient treatment for patients with low careis risk

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11
Q

___ is the leading reason for the extraction of primary teeth

A

Untreated caries

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12
Q

After dental plaque is formed, it adheres to the surface of the tooth through ___, which are…

A

Dextrans

Insoluble and stick and serve to increase the tenacity of the attachment fo dental plaque to the surface of the tooth

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13
Q

Dextran is chemically and physically complex polymer, so breakdown is carried out by a variety of ___ and ___ found in ___

A

Endo- and exodextranases found in saliva

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14
Q

Roughly __% of the dry weight of dental plaque is water-insoluble glucans.

A

20%

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15
Q

____ is a gram +, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, filamentous, and is mostly associated with root surface caries

A

Actinomyces viscosus

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16
Q

Which part of the tooth is most commonly misdiagnosed as caries on a radiograph?

A

CEJ

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17
Q

As dentinal tubules approach the pulp there is an increase of what three things?

A

Density

Diameter

Permeability

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18
Q

Why is glucose less cariogenic than fructose?

A

It is a monosaccharide not a disaccharide

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19
Q

True or false… glycogen is cariogenic

A

False… because it is unable to be broken down into monosaccharides in the oral cavity

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20
Q

Fluoride ions incorporated at the ___ stage of tooth development produces a tooth structure that is more resistant to careis

A

Calcification

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21
Q

Fluoride ions can replace the ___ ions during the calcification stage of tooth development, which results in a structure that is more compact and resitant to caries

A

Hydroxyl

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22
Q

The initial colonizing bacteria is collectively known as ___ plaque and predominantly consists of ___ microorganisms. The two main ones are __ and ___

A

Supragingival

Gram + facultative

Actinomyces viscosus

Streptococcus sanguinis

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23
Q

What is the best treatment plan to control rampant caries?

A

Remove caries, place glass ionomer restorations, then complete the treatment plan after the vitality of the teeth has been established.

The placing of glass ionomer restorations allows the affected dentin to be remineralized

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24
Q

Transillumination utilizes light scattering and photon absorption of enamel and dentin to detect caries. Enamel lesions present ___. Dentin lesions present___.

A

Gray shadows

Bluish or orange-brown shadows

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25
Q

An increase in saliva ___ would increase a patient’s caries risk.

A

Viscosity. Its ability to flow is altered resulting in its diminished function in the oral cavity

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26
Q

What should the dentist considered primarily when restoring the incisal edge or enameloplasty for a patient with slight chipping of the incisal edge of maxillary central incisors?

A

Amount of translucent enamel present

The thickness of enamel in the incisal surface is greater than that of the facial surface

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27
Q

In what 3 ways does fluoride prevent tooth decay?

A

Decreases enamel solubility

Interferes with bacterial metabolic activity

Remineralizes tooth structure

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28
Q

The ___ surface of primary teeth is most susceptible to staining because…

A

Cervical

The cervical bulges can trap debris underneath

Cervical portions are mor constricted in primary teeth thus making plaque, caries, and stain formation easier

Children are incapable of brushing the cervical areas properly due to limited dexterity.

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29
Q

What is the best way to treat superficial decalcification/staining seen in deep fissures of molars?

A

Enameloplasty limited to the superficial depth of the decalcified enamel. This will avoid unnecessary tooth preparation required for a full restoration and makes the grooves more cleansible.

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30
Q

What are 4 organic components of oral bacterial plaque? What are 5 inorganic components?

A

Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteins, lipids

Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, fluoride

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31
Q

What is the diagnosis for a tooth with a cavity floor that is hard and leathery with a very dark appearance? These lesions occurs as a result of ___ involvements and affect a ___ number of teeth and are __ in size.

A

Chronic caries

Long-standing caries

Fewer

Smaller

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32
Q

True or false… pulp prognosis is very good in cases of chronic caries

A

True. Because tertiary dentin formation occurs in the cases of chronic caries

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33
Q

True or false.. acute and aggressive caries is a rapidly occurring disease process that typically involves less teeth than chronic caries

A

False… it involves a greater number of teeth

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34
Q

True or false… the pulp is responsible in forming cementum

A

True

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35
Q

What mechanism in which mercury enters the body is considered to induce the highest toxicity?

A

Inhalation

80% of elemental and inorganic mercury is absorbed in the lungs

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36
Q

The generally accepted threshold limit for exposure to mercury vapor for a 40 hr work week is ___ micrograms per cubic meter

A

50

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37
Q

What are some of the main mercury hazards in the dental operatory?

A

Mercury vapors released from stored materials

Small losses from capsules during trituration

Spillage during manipulation for restorations

Vapor exposures during removal, placement, finishing, and polishing of amalgam

Cotton roll contamination

Collection of debris via vacuum suction in the plumbing system

Collection of remnants in a jar for recycling

Mercury trapped in carpet fibers or floor tiles

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38
Q

Dentin has an average thickness of about ___mm. A minimum remaining dentin thickness of __mm can help prevent pulpal damage

A

3

2

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39
Q

With a remaining dentin thickness of __mm, pulpal reaction to increased bacterial load is observed. With a remaining dentin thickness of ___mm, loss of odontoblasts is observed.

A
  1. 75mm

0. 25mm

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40
Q

What is the most accepted treatment for mottled enamel?

A

Microabrasion with hydrochloric acid (HCl)/pumice

Mottled enamel is a condition in which a combination of small white, brown, and yellow spots are seen all over the surfaces of the teeth

Microabrasion removes a thin layer of stained enamel with the use of pumice and hydrochloric acid. HCl whitens the stains in the tooth surface and has an effect that lasts for a few days after its application

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41
Q

The primary objective of the clinician in treatment planning is to…

A

Respect the patient’s rights to be treated in a way that puts their rights to autonomy, beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence, and veracity above all else.

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42
Q

What esthetic properties does dentin provide?

A

Chroma

Opaqueness

Fluorescence to above-lying dental enamel

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43
Q

The distance light is able to travel into tooth structure before being reflected back outward is termed ___. What is penetrance?

A

Degree of translucency

Penetrance is the degree of the ability of light to pass through

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44
Q

What can happen if a preparation is done with the high-speed handpiece used with the water off but still cooling the tooth with air?

A

Hypersensitivity in the prepared tooth - could lead to irreversible pulpitis

Irritation of the pulp from being too dry

The odontoblasts to be forced into the dentinal tubules, causing damage

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45
Q

True or false.. zinc-oxide eugenol cement provides an excellent marginal seal.

A

True

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46
Q

Erosion of teeth is most commonly caused by __ in males and most commonly caused by ___ in females.

A

Ingestion of acidic beverages

Bulimia

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47
Q

Acute reversible pulpitis is a transient condition of the pulp in which unusual sensitivity is experienced due to __, ___, ___, ___, ___, or ___

A

Thermal shock - due to preparation or polishing process

Trauma - induced by a blow to the tooth or improper occlusal relationship

Desiccation - typically occurs when the tooth is prepared without the utilization of a high-speed handpiece without a water jet

Placement of an amalgam restoration in contact with a gold restoration - the tooth will experience galvanic shock from having two different metallic restorations contact within the oral cavity

Chemical stimulus - sweets are easily fermented by bacteria to form acid that triggers sensitivity

Caries extension - continuous bacterial attack on the tooth surface causes pain and sensitivity to tooth, but such pain is lost after stimulus is removed

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48
Q

What is the correct order of listing the tolerance of occlusal forces from greatest to least?

A

Molars

Canines

Premolars

Incisors

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49
Q

The normal physiologic contact wear of teeth is ___ micrometers per year

A

29

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50
Q

Removal of dentinal smear layer [increases/decreases] bond strength, [increases/decreases] dentin wetness, and makes microleakage [more/less] significant because barrier of bacteria to pulp is removed. It [increases/decreases] fluid flow onto the the exposed dentin surface.

A

Increases

Increases

More

Increases

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51
Q

What are two strategies used to overcome the low attachment strengths of smear layer?

A

Removal of the smear layer prior to bonding by acid etching

Or

Use of bonding agents that can penetrate the smear layer and incorporate it into the bonding layer

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52
Q

Arrested caries may appear [darker/lighter] due to…

A

Darker

Due to staining from recent demineralization and do not necessarily require restoration

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53
Q

What are 4 favorable properties of a good sealant?

A

Light cured polymerization (to provide ample working time)

Fluoride release

Opaque/tinted (to differentiate from tooth structure)

Filled composite resin

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54
Q

Dentin-bonding mechanisms largely rely on the properties of ___ agents like ___, which penetrate into the inherently moist dentin surfaces and are able to copolymerize with composite resins.

A

Difunctional coupling

Silanes

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55
Q

The majority of bond strength is obtained from ….

The interdiffusion zone formed by the bonding agent and the dentin is called the ___

A

Penetration and adaptation of the bonding agent to the demineralized intertubular dentin and exposed collagen fibers

Hybrid layer

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56
Q

What accounts for the primary retention of fissure sealants?

A

Micro-mechanical retention

Deep pits and fissure are more retentive than shallow pits and fissures

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57
Q

The restorative material with the highest potential for marginal leakage due to high thermal elasticity properties is ___

A

Unfilled resins

Higher coefficient of thermal expansion means that the resin expands and contracts faster than the tooth, resulting in gaps that make teeth sensitive to changes in temperature and increase marginal leakage

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58
Q

True or false… silicate cement restorations are not good for restoring teeth with proximal contacts

A

True

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59
Q

Silicate cement is ___ and prone to surface ___ on the margins because ___ in silicate cements are easily dislodged from the restorative filling. Because they wear easily, they are unsuitable for restoring ___ and ___.

A

Brittle

Chipping/crazing

Glass particles

Proximal contacts and stress bearing areas

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60
Q

G.V Black’s steps in cavity preparation consist of…

A

1) establish outline form
2) obtain resistance form
3) obtain retention form
4) obtain convenience form

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61
Q

What is a class 6 carious lesion?

A

Cusp tip

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62
Q

True or false… the only way to truly determine the status of the pulp is through histological analysis and not with the clinical signs and symptoms the tooth elicits

A

True

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63
Q

The filler particles within resin composite are coated with ___ to promote adhesion to the matrix. Dental resin composites are composed of a resin matrix that contains ___ and ___ as well as ___, ___, ___, ___ and a ____.

A

Silanes

Monomers

Cross linking monomers

Free radical initiator

Inhibitor

Coloring agents

Filler materials such as barium, glass, silica, apatite

Silane coupling agent

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64
Q

The coupling agent in resins function to___

A

Enhance the bonding between the filler particles and resin matrix

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65
Q

Spherical alloys are [more/less] sensitive to variation in condensation pressure. They demonstrate [higher/lower] mercury-to-alloy ratio. They demonstrate a [longer/shorter] working time and [faster/slower] set comparatively. They demonstrate [better/poorer] adaptation to cavity walls. They typically create [better/poorer] interproximal contact in class II restorations.

A

Less

Lower

Shorter

Faster

Poorer

Poorer

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66
Q

True or false… admired alloys typically yield better interproximal contacts for class II restorations. Amalgam of spherical powder is very plastic and cannot rely on pressure of condensation to establish proximal contour.

A

True

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67
Q

What are some advantages of composite resins over amalgam for posterior restorations? What is a disadvantage?

A

Esthetics

Conservation of tooth structure

Low thermal conductivity

Disadvantage = low fracture toughness. Not as good marginal seal

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68
Q

Replacement of a defective amalgam with a cast gold restoration can achieve ___ and ___

A

Provide a better marginal seal

Provide more ideal contours

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69
Q

What is the primary reason for administration of prednisolone during an operative procedure?

A

It decreases the likelihood of pulpal inflammation

Prednisolone can decrease pain stimuli by reducing the production of prostaglandins responsible for the mediation of pain and inflammation

Prednisolone is an anti-inflammatory steroid drug that functions as an effective inhibitor of phospholipase A2, which is responsible for promoting inflammation.

It has the ability to down-regulate some pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the pulpal inflammation during operative procedures

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70
Q

___ is considered to be the only dental restorative material that improves its marginal sealing with age due to ___

A

Amalgam

Corrosion, which seals the micro-gap between the tooth and restorative material with age.

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71
Q

For an ideal class 5 restoration on a mandibular premolar, what is the most important factor when choosing a restorative material?

A

Reaction of the gingival tissue

Esthetics are less of an issue in this case because it is less visible than an mandibular anterior tooth

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72
Q

____ is typically the most indicated restorative material for class 5 posterior restorations because they…

A

Glass ionomer

Bond to root surface

Release fluoride to help protect the surrounding root structure

Are easily contoured

Are easily smoothed

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73
Q

The coronal dentin in primary teeth is ___ as thick as permanent teeth because primary teeth have pronounced ___ which cause less dentin coverage. Permanent teeth are larger in size and have smaller pulp spaces in relation to their crown size. Dentin formation occurs throughout life thus increasing the bulk of dentin in permanent teeth

A

50%

Pulp horns

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74
Q

When restoration a MO or DO, an onlay is indicated if…

A

Cuspal integrity is in question

Onlays reinforce fractured, weakened or unsupported tooth structure

Weakened cusps are reinforced by reducing unsupported structure and replacing it with a durable material capable of bearing heavy occlusal forces

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75
Q

What is the most significant disadvantage of glass ionomer cements?

A

Moisture sensitivity during initial curing

Water is essential in the setting reaction of glass ionmer cement as it sets through an acid-base reaction

Water loss and moisture contamination must be prevented in order to obtain satisfactory physical properties.

Desiccation prevents formation of the polycarboxylate matrix, resulting in a rough, chalky surface and decreased surface hardness

During the latter part in the reaction, water is essential in hydrating the crosslink of the polymer matrix to strengthen the cement

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76
Q

Tooth whitening procedures are contraindicated in patients with ___ and or ___

A

Amelogenesis imperfecta because they usually have improperly formed enamel and may demonstrate suboptimal outcomes

Old and stained composite restorations. They can never be whitened through bleaching. Whitening these teeth will make the stained composite restorations more noticeable

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77
Q

What composite resin constituent provides the most radiopacity?

A

Barium

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78
Q

The ADA states that resin based composites are endorsed in which 3 conditions?

A

Small-moderate sized restorations

Conservative tooth preparations

Areas where esthetics is important

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79
Q

Posterior composite resins are contraindicated in what three situations?

A

Large sized cavity preparations

Areas where isolation is difficult to achieve

Exposed root surfaces where it is difficult to achieve optimum bonding

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80
Q

Define fluorescence

A

When light is absorbed by a substance and emitted back in a longer wavelength

81
Q

What mechanical property measures the materials ability to resist the propagation of a crack?

A

Fracture toughness

82
Q

Define elasticity

A

The tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed

83
Q

Define flexural strength

A

The materials ability to resist deformation under load

84
Q

Define hardness

A

A measure of how resistant a solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a force is applied

85
Q

Microfilled composite [allow/inhibit] restorations to bend with tooth flexure, better protecting the bonding interface, thus they may perform better in certain class restorations than a more rigid hypbrid composit

A

Allow

86
Q

What are four disadvantage to microfilled composites?

A

Increased thermal expansion

Decreased tensile strength

Increased water absorption

Increased polymerization shrinkage

87
Q

What is the purpose of amphipathic primer in composite resins?

A

Allow the hydrophobic unfilled resin (adhesive) to penetrate the collagen network exposed after etching with acid

88
Q

___ helps to make bond between the resin on one end and the filler on the other end, acting as a bi-functional coupling agent

A

Silane

89
Q

True or false…

Mercury demonstrates a higher surface tension than water.

Mercury is the only metal that remains in a liquid state at room temperature

Under ordinary conditions, mercury cannot combine with nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, and iron to form amalgam

A

All are true

90
Q

Mercury combines with ___ to form dental amalgam

A

Silver-copper-tin alloy

91
Q

In ___ amalgam, mercury is liberated via corrosion and reacts with unreacted gamma phase to produce ___ and ___ phases. ___decreases the strength of amalgam. To avoid this decrease in strength, amalgams must be condensed to bring excess __ to the surface. This excess ___ is then removed at teh end of the placement of the restoration.

A

Low copper

Gamma 1 and gamma 2

Gamma 2 phase

Mercury

Mercury

92
Q

In amalgams, less mercury leads to less ___ leads to less ___ which leads to ___

A

Corrosion

Potential gamma 2 phase

Increased strength of amalgam

93
Q

In regards to amalgam restorations, a FL width of no more than ___mm and a depth are ___ are considered ideal. As an amalgam restoration becomes wider faciolingually, what are two drawbacks?

A

1-1.5mm

1.5-2mm

The tooth is more subject to fracture

The integrity of the restoration is less likely to be maintained

94
Q

In a patient with cusps undermined by decay and heavy occlusal forces, which of the following is the restorative material of choice?

A

Cast gold

It can be easily finished, polished, burnished, and adapted to tooth structure to decrease recurrent caries risk.

Cast gold has the highest corrosion resistance of any restorative material

95
Q

Which material demonstrates the highest rate of fluoride release, but also the least resistance to wear?

A

Glass ionomer cement

They are not recommended as restorative materials in high-stress bearing areas, however they may be used in class III and class V areas where stress are low (chemically bond to root surface and have high flexural strength)

These are mostly indicated as liners under stronger restorative materials

96
Q

What is the primary advantage of placing a microfilled resin composite?

A

They are highly polishable which results in a restoration surface hat is less receptive to plaque or extrinsic staining

97
Q

What tooth most commonly has the dental anomaly “dens in dente”?

A

Maxillary lateral incisor

98
Q

Dentin is composed of ___% inorganic material (mostly ___) and ___% organic material (mostly ___)

A

70%

Hydroxyapatite

30%

Collagen

99
Q

Dentin formation begins immediately [before/after] the enamel formation

A

Before

100
Q

What material demonstrates the greatest coefficient of thermal expansion? It’s coefficient of thermal expansion is approximately ___ times that of the tooth structure.

A

Resin composites

Three

101
Q

True or false… water absorption is greater in composites with smaller particles than in composites with larger particles

A

False.

Materials with higher filler contents exhibit lower water absorption values than material with lower filler content (quantity). Materials with smaller particle sizes have higher filler content, and those are more able to prevent the absorption of water than materials with larger particle sizes.

102
Q

True or false.. the release of unbound monomers or additives is hypothesized to be the cause of the cytotoxicity observed in in-vitro studies of resin-based composites

A

True

103
Q

Retentive features for class 5 allow restorations are typically placed on which surfaces?

A

Incisal/occlusal and gingival walls

Placement of undercuts should be confined within the dentin layer to prevent undermining of enamel.

Retention for class 5 restorations can be improved by lengthening the walls and making parallel opposing walls

104
Q

Amalgam has a weak ___ strength and requires a ___ cavosurface margin and an adequate thickness for strength and durability. Cast gold preparations on the other hand require a __ to…

A

Edge

90 degree

Bevel to remove unsupported enamel rods and render a smooth-flowing form of cavity preparation. The bevel on the margins allows for better marginal adaptation through burnishing

105
Q

True or false… internal angles in amalgam preparations should be acute

A

False.. they should be rounded

106
Q

The ___ pulp horn of the mandibular first premolar is most susceptible to mechanical exposure during a class II amalgam prep. What should be done to counter this?

A

Buccal

The pulpal floor along the buccal cusp should be higher than the lingual to avoid encroaching on its prominent buccal horn

107
Q

What is the smear layer and what is it composed of?

A 
When the tooth surface is altered by rotary or manual instrumentation during cavity preparation, the cutting debris is smeared over the enamel and dentin surfaces, forming a smear layer.  It contains: 
Calcified debris
Shattered and crushed hydroxyapatite
Fragmented and denatured collagen
Bacteria
Saliva
Dentinal chips
108
Q

What is the major difference between a class V preparation for an amalgam and a composite restoration?

A

Angulation of the enamel cavosurface margins

Amalgam must always have a 90degree cavosurface margin. The cavosurface margin preparation for class 5 composite however requires a 45degree bevel to provide additional surface for adhesion as well as to create an esthetically blended junction between the tooth and the composite material

109
Q

According to GV Black, the outline form of a cavity preparation is the shape of the cavity preparation ____

A

Along the cavosurface margin

110
Q

When prepping a tooth for a cast gold restoration, the tooth structure that is weakened by the preparation and subjected to masticatory forces must be ___

A

Reduced and protected by the restoration

Weak tooth structure must be reduced or removed. Undermined cusps and unsupported tooth structure are prone to fracture, so capping of cusps may be necessary to protect the tooth and provide strength.

111
Q

What are some reasons to place bevels into enamel?

A

To enhance esthetics if the margin is to be in a visible location

To remove fragile enamel

To smooth the cavorestorative margins

Minimize the line of demarcation at the tooth-restoration interface

112
Q

What is the first step in cavity preparation according to GV Black?

A

Establish outline form based on location and extent of carious lesion

113
Q

What is the primary reason to diverge the mesial and distal walls occlusally in a class I amalgam cavity prep?

A

To prevent the undermining of the tooth structure of the marginal ridges

114
Q

In a class III prep, a __degree cavosurface bevel serves what purpose?

A

45degree

Exposes more surface area of enamel rods that can be etched and bonded to retain and seal composite restorations

Note that no bevels should be placed on occlusal surfaces however.

115
Q

___ pins are the most retentive, but their placement also creates stresses and cracks in the dentin. ___ pins are the least retentive but they put the least stress on dentin.

A

Threaded

Cemented

116
Q

Why is it important to burnish amalgam after condensation and before carving?

A

It produces denser amalgam at the margins of restorations

Finalizes condensation

Removes excess mercury rich amalgam

Initiates carving process

117
Q

Cast gold restorations are indicated to replace aging amalgams to ___

A

Achieve more ideal anatomy

118
Q

True or false… spherical alloys contain more mercury than admired alloys

A

False

119
Q

____ alloys are recommended for areas requiring development of proximal contacts

A

Admixed

120
Q

___ are believed to be the major contributors to retention to enamel in regards to adhesives. The extend up to ___ deep.

A

Microtags

20 micrometers

121
Q

Flowable resin composite demonstrates ___ times greater polymerization shrinkage than hybrid composite. They [are/are not] as radiopaque as enamel.

A

Three

Are not

122
Q

What is the “snow plow” technique when it comes to class 2 composites?

A

A small uncured increment of flowable composite is placed on the gingival portion of the box then conventional composite is placed over it. The conventional composite is condensed to displace most of the flowable composite out of the cavity preparation and the rest of it flows into deeper portions where conventional composite cannot reach

123
Q

True or false… incremental filling results in decreased post-operative sensitivity

A

True becuase incremental placement decreases the polymerization shrinkage and increases the percentage of curing

124
Q

What is the acid and the base used in the reaction of glass ionomer bonding to tooth structure?

A

Acid: polyalkenoic acid

Base: Aluminosilicate glass

125
Q

What is the function of a primer in the bonding process?

A

Infiltrate and remove water from animal prisms, dentinal tubules, and exposed collagen network

Form hybrid layer because it is made of solvents and bi-functional /ampiphilic penetrating monomers

126
Q

How is the hybrid layer formed?

A

Etching removes the smear layer and hydroxyapatite within the intertubular dentin, in addition to exposing the collagen fibers

Primers penetrate the collagen network and allow the adhesive resins to form microtags within the intertubular dentin

127
Q

Why is calcium hydroxide recommended for vital pulp capping procedures?

A

It is the most biocompatible material that has been proven to help induce dentin bridge formation

128
Q

What are 4 advantages of indirect resin restorations over direct resin restorations?

A

Improved proximal contacts

Decreased marginal leakage

Increased strength

Decreased post-operative sensitivity

129
Q

What are the primary disadvantages of indirect resin restorations?

A

Time

The patient doesn’t leave the office with the definitive restoration

130
Q

____ is used as an initiator in self-cure or auto-curing composite resins.

___ is an initiatory and ___ are activators for light-activated composite resins

Visible light cure composites need a wavelength approximately ___nm to initiate the polymerization reaction

A

Benzoyl peroxide

Camphorquinone

Tertiary amines

468

131
Q

Why is overfilling of amalgam in proximal restorations necessary?

A

Proper carving of the amalgam restoration can be achieved

Allows burnishing and achieving the contact point

Ease in the restoration of tooth morphology

132
Q

true or false… composite resins chemically bond to dentin

A

False

133
Q

True or false… glass ionomer cements chemically bond to tooth structure

A

True

134
Q

If the remaining dentin thickness is greater than __mm glass ionomer cement can be used as cavity liner but for a remaining thickness of ___ or less, calcium hydroxide should be used, then glass ionomer should be placed overtop.

A
  1. 5mm

0. 5mm

135
Q

Alloys with higher copper content demonstrate [higher/lower] creep values because…

A

Lower

Because they exhibit little or no gamma 2 phase

136
Q

Define creep in regards to amalgam

A

The time-dependent plastic permanent deformation of amalgam under static or dynamic loading

Creep causing protrusion of amalgam out of the cavity. The protruded edges are unsupported and weak and are further weakened y corrosion leading to fracture, ditching, and microleakage

137
Q

The ____ phase is primarily responsible for higher creep values

A

Gamma 2

138
Q

What is considered the most toxic form of mercury?

A

Organic

Mercury can form organic compounds such as methyl mercury. Organic mercury compounds can be readily absorbed by many organisms and concentrated as they pass up the food chain. Organically bound mercury in food is the primary source of mercury exposure in most people.

139
Q

___ of mercury is less effective from the human body compared to its ___. Organic mercury has a tendency to concentrate in __, a___, and __ after being absorbed

A

Excretion

Absorption

Liver
Kidney
Brain

140
Q

Mercury toxicity can result in ___, ___, ___ and ___. When inhaled in toxic quantities it can cause damage to the ___.

A

Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Kidney disease
Allergic reactions

CNS

141
Q

Admixed amalgam alloy consists of __ and __ particles

A

Spherical

Lathe-cut

142
Q

Admixed alloys have the “body” of ___ alloys when condensing; are easily condensed with good adaptation but are more easily worked with like ___ alloys.

A

Lathe-cut

Spherical

143
Q

___ alloys can withstand forces of condensation better than ___ alloys which is why these alloys are preferred for proiximal amalgam restorations. __ alloys demonstrate higher levels of creep and corrosion compared to __ alloys.

A

Admixed

Spherical

Admixed

Spherical

144
Q

Why is zinc added to low-copper amalgams?

A

Enhances its mechanical properties

Reduces delayed expansion where contaminated with moisture

Reduces marginal fracture rates

145
Q

If a low-copper, zinc-containing alloy is contaminated with moisture, it will result in ___, ___, and ___

A

Surface blistering

Internal corrosion

Delayed expansion of up to 4% by Columba beginning 3-5 days after the contamination and continuing for up to 6 months, which can lead to creep and a reduction in strength of up to 24%

146
Q

Which phase of amalgam is considered the weakest and has the least resistance to corrosion?

A

Gamma-2

147
Q

Which phase of amalgam has the highest strength and corrosion resistance?

A

Gamma 1

148
Q

___ is the amalgam phase which is considered unreacted during the chemical reaction between amalgam alloy and mercury

A

Gamma

149
Q

How does acid-etching improve retention of composite restorations?

A

It increases the mechanical retention (not chemical)

It removes surface debris from the cavity preparation

Acid etching provides surface roughness to provide mechanical retention without too much loss of healthy tooth structure during cavity prepartion.

Microporosities created by acid etching allows even small cavity preparations to have retention despite insufficient retention form

150
Q

What material is used as the base material for the bonded-base (open sandwich) technique?

A

Glass ionomer

151
Q

Describe the open sandwich technique

A

A restorative GI or RMGI is used in the portion of the restoration near the gingival margin, because these materials are moisture tolerant

Recommended in composite restorations with margins in thin enamel near the CEJ or on cementum or dentin

Composite resins are placed over the GI portion without impeding the contact of GI with oral cavity

152
Q

True or false… polishing of amalgam significantly increases the longevity of the restoration

A

False

153
Q

When carving a freshly condensed amalgam, the amalgam begins to chip and flake away. Why would this happen?

A

The amalgam was condensed after its working time had elapsed

Overcondensation of amalgam alloy will result in chipping away of the filling material during carving

Prolonged condensation pressure will result in decrease strength of the amalgam restoration

154
Q

Amalgam alloys typically take roughly ___ to set complexity, so undue pressure or disturbance during this time will result in the breakage of the restoration

A

24 hours

155
Q

What is the optimal absorption energy for the activation of camphorquinone?

A

400-499nm (optimum = 465)

156
Q

What is the first step in the delivery of a cast gold inlay?

A

Adjust contacts (CIMEO)

157
Q

True or false… gold can be burnished against the margins of the preparation to make it more adapted and tightly fit for a good marginal seal

A

True

158
Q

What induces sealants to polymerize?

A

The formation of free radicals

159
Q

What are the steps of an indirect pulp cap?

A

Infected dentin is completely removed

Affected dentin close to the pulp is left due to the possibility of pulp exposure

Calcium hydroxide, followed by glass ionomer is placed over the affected dentin

Final restoration is placed

160
Q

What are three factors that can affect photopolymerization?

A

Time of curing light application

Distance of curing light tip from surface of restoration

Irradiance and wavelength of the photopolymerizing source

161
Q

What are 4 advantages of amalgam restorations over composite?

A

Less time-consuming to place

Lower cost

Less technique sensitive

Less likely to remove additional tooth structure when removing an amalgam restoration due to its color

162
Q

How is composite bonded to adhesive resin?

A

Chemically bonded through polymerization through MMA bonds

163
Q

what is a likely reason why an amalgam restoration would have an open gingival margin?

A

The clinician loaded too much amalgam into the prep before properly condensing it into proximal box

164
Q

Which type of amalgam requires strong lateral force application to condense the amalgam?

A

Spherical

165
Q

Composites in posterior teeth are indicated if what three criteria are met?

A

BL width of preparation is <1/3 inter-cuspal distance

Gingival margin of preparation is on intact enamel

Esthetics are important

166
Q

What is the best conditioner to clean the tooth’s surface when applying glass ionomer adhesives?

A

Polyalkenoic acid (PAA).

PAA is used for GIs because it is a weaker acid that does NOT penetrate into the dentin as much as phosphoric acid. This is because the glass ionomers have a much higher molecular weight polymer that cannot penetrate into the smaller tubules created further gingivally by the phosphoric acid

Ethanol is a solvent primer used to remove excess water after rinsing acid

167
Q

What is the maximum amount of resin composite that can be properly cured per layer?

A

2mm

168
Q

What is the purpose of trituration of amalgam?

A

Remove oxide layers from the alloy particles, to coat each alloy particle with mercury, and to provide a homogenous mass for condensation

169
Q

True or false.. if amalgam was properly triturated it should be dry and crumbly and should stick to the capsule walls

A

False

170
Q

____ are dentinal sealer typically used in amalgam preps only

A

Super seal

171
Q

Distal slot preparations are indicated in what 5 situations?

A

Proximal root caries in patients with gingival recession

Teeth with distal decay and no adjacent tooth positioned distally

Teeth with distal decay extending up to the DEJ

Small proximal caries that DOES NOT include or undermine the occlusal surface

Proximal caries in a tooth with attrition

172
Q

When using matrix bands for posterior proximal amalgam restorations, the band should be trimmed to which dimension?

A

At least 1mm higher than the adjacent marginal ridge

173
Q

What can happen if you place the matrix for an amalgam restoration too high?

A

Access and visibility problems

Difficult instrumentation

Difficult placement of materials

174
Q

What is the best method to remove carious dentin near the pulp in a class 2 preparation?

A

A very slow rotating large bur - this will prevent accidental pulp exposures during caries excavation.

175
Q

Spoon excavators are used to remove ___ dentin. They can leave ___ in the cavity preparation if __ is not used. A slow speed handpiece with a large bur will remove the affected dentin that a spoon excavator typically cannot.

A

Very soft, carious

Affected

Firm force

176
Q

It is advised to carry out finishing and polishing of amalgam restorations at least ___ AFTER the placement of amalgam to allow complete setting to occur.

A

24 hours

177
Q

What instruments can be used to polish amalgam restorations?

A

Sof-lex disks

Abrasive-impregnated rubber points

Prophylaxis cup with tin oxide

178
Q

what are the purposes of placing a bevel on preparations for composite restorations?

A

To expose the ends of enamel rods instead of the sides

To improve the seal of the enamel-resin margin

To increase the surface area of enamel for etching

Eliminate the line between filling and tooth

179
Q

___ bevels are placed on the facial side of a class IV preparation. ___ bevels are typically found around the margins of a class V restoration.

A

Esthetic

Retentive

180
Q

What are three indications of composite restorations?

A

Small and moderate-sized restorations

Conservative tooth preparations

Areas where esthetics is important

181
Q

Dental burs are typically made of what two different types of material?

A

Steel carbide - dull more quickly but are less prone to breaking.

Tungsten carbide (most) (they are best operated under high speeds with light pressure.

182
Q

When placing a light-cured composite in a deep cavity preparation, the composite should be placed in increments no greater than ___

A

2mm

183
Q

The __ of the gingival marginal trimmer corresponds to the nib of the ___

A

Blade

Condenser

184
Q

In non-cuttin instruments the blade is replaced by a __ or __. The working ends or __ of condensers may be of any shape, but they are usually round with flat ends.

A

Nib or a point

Nibs

185
Q

Adjacent proximal cavities are best restored in one appointment because… (list 5 things)

A

The cavity prep can be made more conservatively, preserving more healthy tooth structure.

There will be adequate access and visibility, enabling the dentist to work more efficiently/effectively

The restorations can be placed easier due to adequate space to finish the proximal margins of the restorations properly

Placing the restorations at the same time will decrease the wasted materials, for instance, adhesive, that must be dispensed

Placing the restorations at the same time DOES NOT increase the chance of having proximal contacts

186
Q

The enamel rods of primary teeth are directed ___, making the gingival bevel [necessary/unnecessary]

A

Occlusally

Unnecessary

187
Q

Dentinal plugs are composed of the __ of the ___. It is removed by ___

A

Debris from the smear layer

Acid-etching

188
Q

True or false.. over-mixing admixed amalgam alloy causes a decrease in the overal strength

A

False

189
Q

What are the effects of over-mixing admixed alloy? (3 things)

A

Decreases working time

Increases contraction

Increases creep

190
Q

The optimal fluoride levels in water is __ to ___ mg/L

A

0.7 - 1.2

191
Q

Why are optimal fluoride levels lower for warmer climates?

A

People tend to drink more water

192
Q

___ is the minimum number of flutes needed on a carbide bur for it to be considered a finishing bur.

A

12

193
Q

Conventional glass ionomers contain basic ___ glass and water ___. Conventional glass ionomer cements undergo a chemical self-setting ___ reaction created by mixing an ion-leachable ___ glass powder with an aqueous ___ acid

A

Ion-leachable

Soluble polyacids

Acid base

Fluoroalminosilicate

Polycarboxylate

194
Q

In a class 5 restoration, where should the rubber dam be punched?

A

1mm facial to the disgraced tooth

195
Q

What does DMFT stand for?

A

Decayed

Missing

Filled

Teeth

196
Q

Filler particles provide strength to composite resins and help to improve what physical properties?

A

Reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion

Reduces polymerization shrinkage of the composite

Makes the material harder, denser, and more resistant to wear

Causes reinforcement of the resin matrix

Decreases polymerization shrinkage

Improves workability

Decreases water sorption

Increases radiopacity

197
Q

The normal range of composite curing light wave length is approximately ___

A

470 nm

198
Q

How thick should the first increment be for a class 2 restoration?

A

1mm

199
Q

What are two advantages of the snowplow technique with class 2 composite restorations?

A

Decreased voids in the restoration

Decreased gingival marginal leakage

NBDE Pt 2 Flash Cards (23 decks)

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