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History: Industrialisation and the People 1783-1885 > Responses to the French Revolution in Britain > Flashcards

Responses to the French Revolution in Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

A
  1. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
  2. Inherited problems
  3. The Estates System
  4. Taxation and money
  5. The Enlightenment
  6. Bad luck
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2
Q

How did Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette contribute towards the FR?

A
  • France had an absolute monarchy so Louis had control
  • BUT Louis lacked charisma and leadership skills
  • Marie was a foreigner = seen as suspicious
  • Marie was targeted for profligate spending and sexual deviancy
  • they became scapegoats for more issues than they could control
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3
Q

What was the controversy surrounding Marie’s excessive spending?

A
  • it was only supposedly
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4
Q

How did inherited problems contribute to the FR?

A
  • Seven Year War and American war of Independence = poor financial system
  • outdated taxation system where the rich avoided taxes
  • stagnant economy: slow trade, slow agricultural and industrial revolution
  • estates system
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5
Q

How did the estates system contribute to the FR?

A
  • society split into 3 groups: nobility, clergy and everyone else
  • majorly unrepresentative
  • clergy and nobility refused reform
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6
Q

How did taxation and money contribute to the FR?

A
  • wealthiest avoided taxes = burden upon the lower class
  • economic reform blocked by parliament due to Louis’ lack of leadership skills
  • France was on the brink of bankruptcy
  • inflation
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7
Q

How did the Enlightenment contribute to the FR?

A
  • literacy levels increasing = ideas of liberty, equality, constitutional monarchy, separation of Church and State
  • inspired the motto of the Revolution
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8
Q

What was the motto of the FR?

A

‘liberté, egalité and fraternité’

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9
Q

How did bad luck contribute to the FR?

A
  • 1741-1785: cost of living increased by 62%
  • 1788-1789: bad harvests
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10
Q

What did the bad harvests cause?

A
  • increasing bread prices
  • increasing inflation
  • drop in wages
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11
Q

Who was Thomas Paine?

A

a supporter of the FR

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12
Q

What was Thomas Paine’s book?

A

The Rights of Man

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13
Q

What was the consequence of his book being published? What did Paine do?

A
  • he was charged with seditious libel
  • fled to France
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14
Q

What was Paine’s belief about the French regime? What did this cause him to think?

A
  • the French regime was rotten to the core = revolution the only solution
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15
Q

What did Paine think about the destruction caused by Revolution?

A
  • what mattered was what revolution built not what they tore down
  • destruction was for a greater cause
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16
Q

What did Paine believe revolution promised?

A
  • a “new era to the human race”
  • equality for all
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17
Q

What did Paine think all people should do?

A
  • must throw off the old government to reveal mans natural state of equality
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18
Q

What was Paine’s response to the Revolution?

A
  • the chaos was caused by a misunderstanding of the principles but their aims were still right
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19
Q

Who was Edmund Burke?

A
  • challenged the FR
20
Q

What was Burke’s work?

A

Reflections on the revolution in France

21
Q

What did Burke think was a better solution than revolution? Why?

A
  • reform
  • he didn’t like to see things destroyed; revolution should be the “very last resource”
22
Q

What did Burke think revolution would lead to?

A
  • “despotism of the multitude”
  • unnecessary destruction
  • a military dictatorship
23
Q

Who did Burke believe to be the leaders of the Revolution?

A
  • fanatical and ambitious atheists
24
Q

What did people in Britain initially believe after Burke published his book? What was the reality?

A
  • he overreacted
  • the descent of the FR into terror and the rise of Napoleon proved him right
25
Q

What did Charles James Fox see the FR as? Why?

A
  • a victory for democracy and freedom
  • he criticised the King’s control
26
Q

How did Protestant dissenters see the FR?

A
  • broke away from Anglican Church
  • accepted it in hopes of more religious toleration
27
Q

What restricted Protestant dissenters?

A
  • the 1661 corporation act
  • the 1673 test act
  • also restricted Roman Catholics
28
Q

What was the 1661 Corporation act?

A
  • to hold a municipal (government) office you had to be confirmed into the Anglican Church and have taken the Holy Communion
29
Q

What was the 1673 Test act?

A
  • to hold a civil or military office you have to be confirmed into the Anglican Church and have taken the Holy Communion
30
Q

How did Corresponding societies respond to the FR?

A
  • supported it
  • wanted more political reform and lower taxes
  • inspired what they spoke about
  • they corresponded with like-minded men of France
31
Q

What did Thomas Hardy think of the FR?

A
  • supported
  • believed the political system was corrupt
  • wanted more reform
  • wanted all men to be enfranchised (like Paine)
32
Q

What were Loyalist associations?

A
  • supporters of the monarchy
  • mimicked radical organisations
  • convinced people that the FR was against British interests
  • used intimidation and propaganda
33
Q

What did Loyalist associations make Pitt believe?

A

the majority wanted repression of radicalism (a minority)

34
Q

What happened in July, 1791?

A
  • government agents suspected of being behind an attack on the group the ‘Friends of France’ in Birmingham
  • they met to celebrate the fall of Bastille
  • mobs attacked them and the homes of any known dissenters
35
Q

What did the event in July, 1791 suggest?

A
  • there was a move within the government towards the repression of radicalism before the september massacres
36
Q

What were the September Massacres? When did this take place?

A
  • revolutionary leaders sanctioned the deaths of thousands of prisoners, suspected of being counter-revolutionaries, in France
  • 1792
37
Q

How did the British react to the September Massacres?

A

they were repulsed.
- only extreme radicals accepted it

38
Q

When were King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed?

A
  • 1793
39
Q

How did the British react to the execution of the French monarchy?

A
  • many radicals change their opinion
  • Pitt feels a threat to British interests and declares war on France
  • the war united the British against radicalism
  • only accepted by extreme radicals
40
Q

How did Mary Wollstonecraft see the FR? How did she view the French monarchy?

A
  • she responded to Burke
  • called Burke a former reformer who had grown old and confused
  • called the French monarchy decadent
  • said Burke’s eulogising of Antoinette ignored the suffering of thousands of women under the regime
  • extended her arguments on the need for female emancipation
41
Q

What was Wollstonecraft’s work? When was it published?

A

‘A Vindication of the Rights of Man’
1790

42
Q

How did Dr. Richard Price respond to the FR?

A
  • gave a sermon ‘On the Love of Our Country’
  • congratulated the French National Assembly for opening opportunities for religious and civil freedom- argued for perfectibility
43
Q

What was the Enlightenment concept of perfectibility?

A
  • the world can be improved through human effort
  • the capacity to be free from faults
44
Q

What is the link between Dr. Price and Wollstonecraft?

A
  • she was apart of his parish
45
Q

How man copies of the ‘Rights of Man’ did Paine sell in two years?

A

200,000

46
Q

What did the FR lead to in Ireland?

A
  • 1797 Failed French Invasion
  • 1798 Irish Revolt
47
Q

What did Charles Grey do in 1793?

A
  • introduced a parliamentary reform bill
  • was rejected

History: Industrialisation and the People 1783-1885 (21 decks)

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