Changes in the economy (1783-1812) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Dr. Price say about the population?

A
  • population was decreasing as Britain was ‘weak’ after losing American War of Independence
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2
Q

What did Thomas Malthus say about the population?

A
  • increasing
  • the population would outstrip the production of food = major social problems
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3
Q

What did Arthur Young say about the population?

A
  • supporter of the common view
  • population increasing due to stable economy
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4
Q

What did the 1801 census reveal?

A
  • population was increasing
  • population 10.5 mn
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5
Q

What was in issue with the 1801 census?

A
  • it isn’t very reliable but it is still a good source
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6
Q

What were causes of the population increase?

A
  • increased in birth rate, fall in death rate
  • agricultural improvements
  • fewer infant mortalities
  • decrease in epidemic diseases
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7
Q

What was the impact of industrialisation on the life cycle of young men?

A
  • better jobs and wages = could afford to live alone, marry and have children
  • longer working hours = more likely to be exploited
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8
Q

What was the cotton industry like in 1783?

A
  • still new
  • wool and linen main fabric
  • cottage industries; inefficient
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9
Q

What were causes of change in the cotton industry?

A
  • increased import of cotton due to slave trade
  • population increase = increased demand for clothing
  • technological innovations
  • fast flowing rivers = powered machinery and provided proximity to ports for trade
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10
Q

What were the technological innovations in the cotton industry?

A
  • Arkwright’s water frame (1769)
  • Crompton’s Mule (1779)
  • Cartwright’s Power Loom (1789)
  • Hargreave’s Spinning Jenny
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11
Q

What was the cotton industry like in 1812? What was a limitation?

A
  • booming
  • Horrock’s set up a successful spinning mill
  • hand loom weavers left behind by technological innovations/ Cartwright (LIMITATION)
  • canal systems to connect cotton factories to ports and towns
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12
Q

What was iron and coal like in 1783?

A
  • wood was the main source of fuel, used for smelting iron
  • the demand for iron and coal began to increase/ coal began to replace wood as it was cheaper and more efficient
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13
Q

What were the causes of change in the iron and coal industries?

A
  • development in cotton and transport industry
  • Britain’s abundance of iron and coal ores
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14
Q

What was the iron and coal industries like in 1812?

A
  • industry became concentrated in 4 pockets
  • Wilkinson set up large scale ironworks to meet the increasing demand of industrialisation
  • coal mined in huge quantities to power steam engines
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15
Q

What were the 4 pockets where iron and coal developed?

A
  • Black Country
  • South Wales
  • South Yorkshire
  • Clydeside
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16
Q

How did the output of pig iron increase?

A
  • 1788: 68,000 tons
  • 1804: 250,000 tons
17
Q

How did the output of coal increase?

A
  • 7 million tons in 1780s
  • 14 million tons in 1812
18
Q

What is a limit to the change iron and coal industries?

A
  • little change/ technological advancements
  • only output changed
19
Q

What was the transport industry like in 1783?

A
  • the height of the canal era
  • canal companies attracted investment
  • canals linked industrial towns to ports and agricultural produce to towns
20
Q

What was a limit to the canal industry?

A
  • took 70 years to develop
21
Q

What were causes of the changes in the transport industry?

A
  • investors invested into canals = new routes
  • James Watt and Boulton improved the steam engine
  • engineering began to develop as a highly skilled sector
22
Q

What was the transport industry like by 1812?

A
  • only few hundred steam engines in use
  • steam engine caused a domino effect in other industries; used in tin, coal and iron mines
  • canals still used
23
Q

What are limits to the canal industry?

A
  • freezes over during winter
  • expensive
  • slow