Respondent Conditioning Flashcards
E word for respondent behaviours
Elicited
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
Was studying dog’s salivation to meat powder
Dogs began salivating when he entered the room, heard his footsteps
Used a metronome as the CS
Components of respondent conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
What is the unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning
e.g. meat power
What is the unconditioned response
Reflexive response naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
e.g. salivation
What is a neutral stimulus
Stimulus that has no effect on reflexive responses
e.g. metronome
What is a conditioned stimulus
Initially neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
e.g. metronome
What is a conditioned response
Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
e.g. salivation to metronome
Respondent conditioning aka
classical, Pavlovian
Respondent conditioning entails..
manipulating stimuli that elicit reflexive responses
What is “conditioning”
Process of associating an NS with a US to form a CS
Conditional vs unconditional
Conditional = dependent on learning
Unconditional = reflexive; not dependent on learning
Temporal paradigms of classical conditioning
Trace conditioning: NS presented before US; no overlap in time
Delay conditioning: onset of NS before onset of US; both overlap in time
Simultaneous conditioning: NS and US presented at same time
Backward conditioning: US presented before NS
Definition of higher-order conditioning
If an NS is paired with an established CS a number of times, the NS becomes a CS that will then elicit the same CR
What are CERs
Conditioned emotional responses
Type of CR involving emotion (autonomic arousal)
What did Watson think CERs were the result of
Conditioning
Describe Watson’s Little Albert experiment
Conditioned fear
When reached for rat, struck metal bar = cry
Repeat ^^ over multiple sessions
Escape response
Rabbit, dog, seal fur coat = cry (generalization)
Discriminated between other things (toys)
What is respondent extinction
Repeated presentation of CS without the US causes weakening of CR
What is spontaneous recovery
Presenting CS after extinction elicits a CR
What factors influence the effectiveness of respondent conditioning
Nature of the US and the CS (high intensity US/high salience CS better)
Temporal relationship between NS and US (NS precedes, short interval)
Contingency between NS and US (occur together everytime)
Number of pairings of NS and US
Previous exposure to CS
IF there are multiple NSs, what happens?
The one most consistently associated with the US produces a stronger association
Respondent behaviours are ________ by a __ or __ vs operant behaviours are ________ by an __
elicited, CS or US
evoked by an S^D
Respondent conditioning involves…
Operant conditioning involves…
Respondent involves pairing an NS to a US before a response
Operant involved consequences after a response
Respondent vs operant extinction
R = CS presented without the US
O = reinforcement no longer occurs after behaviour
How can respondent conditioning occur without close temporal proximity of the NS and US
Taste aversion
Eat something, throw up later, don’t like that food anymore (garcia effect)
Generalization and discrimination in respondent conditioning
G = CS paired with US, similar stimuli never presented without the US, also cause CR
D = CS paired with US, similar stimuli presented without the US, no CR
