Cognitive Behavioural Therapies Flashcards
Cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT) combine ___________ and _____________________ to help clients to….
cognitive and behavioural techniques
Understand problems, see patterns of irrational thought, evaluate beh based on rational thinking, teach skills to promote self-regulation
Cognitive processes include
thoughts
perceptions
beliefs
expectations
attributions
self-statements
Clinical depression involves…
Cognitions related to hopelessness, pessimism, and low self-esteem
Assumptions of cognitive restructuring therapies
People interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance
Cognitive deficiencies can cause emotional disorders
What do cognitive restructuring therapies do
Replace specific maladaptive cognitive behaviour with more adaptive ones
Changing faulty thinking patterns directly OR indirectly through overt behavioural interventions
What is rational-emotive behavioural therapy
Help individuals change irrational thoughts
A-B-C-D-E paradigm
Assumes irrational interpretations predict certain event will be unpleasant
What is the A-B-C-D-E paradigm
A = activating events occur
B = beliefs (our irrational interpretation of what event activation means)
C = consequences (beh, cognitive, emotional reactions to the event)
D = dispute (refute, challenge, question)
E = emotional relief (once irrationality is recognized)
What is a functional dispute in ABCDE
Ask yourself “is my irrational belief helping me or does it make things worse for me?”
What are the three main irrational beliefs
- I must do well and win approval of others or i am no good
- other ppl must treat me considerately, fairly and kindly, the way I want them to, or they are no good and deserve punishment
- I must get what i want, when i want it, and i must not get what i don’t want
Three procedures for modifying irrational beliefs
- Identifying thoughts based on irrational beliefs
- Challenging irrational beliefs
- Teaching client to replace thoughts based on irrational beliefs w thoughts based on rational beliefs
Effectiveness of REBT
- Modest empirical support
- Studies often poorly designed
- Better than no-treatment groups
- Equally or less effective than other therapies
- Confrontational
What is cognitive therapy (CT) trying to change
Faulty and negativistic thought patterns lead to behavioural and emotional problems
Types of cognitive restructuring therapies
Rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
Cognitive therapy (CT)
What are negative automatic thoughts
Maladaptive (irrational) cognitions are automatically generated by distorted stored beliefs
What are some common cognitive distortions in CT (6)
Selective abstraction
Personalization
Overgeneralization
Magnification
Minimization
Arbitrary inference
What is selective abstraction, e.g.
Attending to a particular detail while ignoring the overall context
e.g. friend does not talk to you (they were late) so you feel rejected
What is personalization, e.g
Erroneously attributing an external event to yourself
e.g. ppl are laughing, believe they’re laughing at you
What is overgeneralization, e.g.
Drawing an overly general conclusion based on a single incident
e.g. fail at painting landscape, believe you will never be able to paint anything
What is magnification, e.g.
Exaggerating the meaning or impact of an adverse event
e.g. paper has corrections, you think you will fail course
What is minimization, e.g.
Downplaying the meaning or impact of a beneficial event
e.g. scoring winning goal, thinking it was luck
What is arbitrary inference
Drawing inaccurate conclusions based on insufficient, ambiguous, or contrary evidence
e.g. believing you were laid off due to incompetence but company closed
What is collaborative empiricism
Used in CT
Collaborative approach between client and therapist, using hypothesis testing approach to evaluate beliefs
Effectiveness of CT
- Effective, durable in treating depression
- Least likely to work w severe depression
- Promising effectiveness on anxiety, personality disorders, substance abuse
Assumptions and focus of cognitive coping skills training
Assume some problems are maintained by a deficit of adaptive cognitions
Designed to teach new cognitive behaviours that are then used to promote other desirable behaviours (thinking skills)
Types of cognitive coping skills training
Self-instructional training
Stress inoculation training
What kind of beh skills training can be used to teach self instruction
- Instructions: give strategy
- Modeling: model performs task using self-instructions
- Rehearsal: practice task while verbalizing instructions out loud, instructions faded
- Feedback: performance evaluated, praise/reinforces given
Self-instructional training initially developed to…
Treat impulsive children’s beh
Effectiveness of self-instructional training
- Less success w social anxiety and personality disorders
- Primarily used in children, can also be used in adolescents, adults, ppl with intellectual disabilities
What is stress inoculation training
Teaches cognitive skills that allow client to deal with stressful events
Steps for stress inoculation training
- Conceptualization phase: focus on nature of stress
- Skills acquisition/rehearsal phase: teach skills such as progressive muscle relaxation, desensitization, coping statements
- Application and follow through phase: practice, transition to real-world application (model, roleplay)
Effectiveness of stress inoculation training
- Components (relaxation, modeling, desensitization) have been validated independently
- is as effective as components
Future challenges of beh modification
- enhancing the image of the field
- close gap between research and practice
- integrating therapy approaches (medication+beh approaches)
- improvements (research, cost-benefit ratios, systemic racism)
