Punishment

Question 1

What is punishment

Answer 1

Process in which the consequence of a behaviour weakens the behaviour (less likely to occur in the future)

Question 2

What is a punisher

Answer 2

Stimulus, object, or event that weakens a behaviour; often is an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

Question 3

What is positive punishment

Answer 3

Situation in which presentation of aversive stimulus decreases behaviour

Question 4

Two subtypes of positive punishment

Answer 4

Application of aversive activities
Application of aversive stimulation

Question 5

What is application of aversive activities

Answer 5

+ punishment
Requires the individual to perform aversive activity as a consequence for inappropriate behaviour

Question 6

What is application of aversive stimulation

Answer 6

+ punishment
Punishes behaviour by delivering an aversive stimulus

Question 7

What is negative punishment

Answer 7

Situation in which removal of an appetitive stimulus decreases behaviour

Question 8

Subtypes of negative punishment

Answer 8

Time-out from positive reinforcement
Response cost

Question 9

What is time-out from positive reinforcement

Answer 9

(-) punishment
Remove the individual from a reinforcing environment as a consequence for inappropriate behaviour

Question 10

What is response cost

Answer 10

(-) punishment
Punishes behaviour by taking away a valued item or privilege (e.g. money)

Question 11

Differences between reinforcement and punishment

Answer 11

Reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases behaviour

Question 12

Differences between extinction and negative punishment

Answer 12

Extinction: the reinforcer maintaining the behaviour is withheld (gradual)
Neg pun: a reinforcer is taken away (not necessarily the one maintaining behaviour) (rapid)

Question 13

E.g. of negative punishment vs extinction

Answer 13

Extinction: child swears = parents give no attention
Neg pun: child swears = loses $1 allowance

Question 14

What are the types of punishers

Answer 14

Unconditioned (primary)
Conditioned (secondary)

Question 15

What is an unconditioned punisher? E.g.

Answer 15

Stimulus or event that is naturally aversive (not due to prior learning) e.g. loud sounds

Question 16

What is a conditioned punisher? E.g.

Answer 16

Previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned punisher, thus also acts as a punisher
e.g. reprimands

Question 17

What is the subtype of conditioned punisher?

Answer 17

Generalized conditioned punisher: conditioned punisher that has been paired with a number of other punishers

Question 18

What factors influence the effectiveness of punishment (7)

Answer 18

Immediacy
Contingency
Inadvertent reinforcement during punishment
Motivating operations
Verbal explanations (increase effects)
Individual differences
Magnitude of punishment

Question 19

What is motivating operations with regards to punishment

Answer 19

Events that can temporarily alter the effectiveness of punishment, and thus affect behaviour

Question 20

Two types of motivating operations

Answer 20

Establishing operations: establishes/increases effectiveness of punishment
Abolishing operations: decreases the effectiveness of punishment

Question 21

Pros of punishment (4)

Answer 21

Rapid
beh responds when resistant to other treatment
beneficial side effects (generalization to other behaviours)
complete suppression of unwanted beh

Question 22

Cons of punishment (5)

Answer 22

Aggressive responses
escape/avoidance responses
overuse in the person administering it due to negative reinforcement to person
modeling (learn to use it on others)
ethical issues

Question 23

What is corporal punishment

Answer 23

Pertaining to the human body, physical punishment, positive punishment