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A&P II > Respirtory - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Respirtory - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

The two systems that cooperate to supply O2 and CO2 are

A

the cardiovascular and the respiratory system.

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2
Q

The respiratory system provides for

A

gas exchange.

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3
Q

The cardiovascular system

A

transports the respiratory gases.

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4
Q

Failure of either system has the same effect on the body:

A

disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from starvation and buildup of waste products.

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5
Q

Respiration is the exchange of gases between

A

the atmosphere and cells.

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6
Q

Respiration takes place in three basic processes:

A

ventilation (breathing), external (pulmonary) respiration, and internal (tissue) respiration.

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7
Q

The respiratory system consists of

A

the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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8
Q

The upper respiratory system refers to the

A

nose and pharynx, and associated structures.

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9
Q

The lower respiratory system refers to the

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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10
Q

The conducting system consists of

A

a series of cavities and tubes - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles - that conduct air into the lungs.

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11
Q

The respiratory portion consists of

A

the area where gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

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12
Q

The external portion of the nose is made of

A

cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane.

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13
Q

Openings to the exterior of the nose are called

A

external nares.

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14
Q

The bony framework of the nose is formed by the

A

frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae.

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15
Q

The interior structures of the nose are specialized for

A

warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; receiving olfactory stimuli; and serving as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds.

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16
Q

The internal portion of the nose communicates with the

A

paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx through the internal nares.

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17
Q

The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the

A

nasal cavity.

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18
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left sides by the

A

nasal septum.

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19
Q

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the

A

vestibule.

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20
Q

The pharynx (throat) is a

A

muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane.

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21
Q

The anatomic regions of the pharynx are the

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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22
Q

The nasopharynx functions in

A

respiration.

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23
Q

Both the oropharynx and laryngopharynx function in

A

digestion and respiration (serving as a passageway for both air and food).

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24
Q

The larynx (voice box) is a passageway that connects the

A

pharynx with the trachea.

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25
Q

The larynx contains the thyroid cartilage, commonly known as the

A

Adam’s apple.

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26
Q

The epiglottis prevents food from

A

entering the larynx.

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27
Q

The cricoid cartilage connects the

A

larynx and trachea.

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28
Q

The paired cartilages of the larynx include the

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.

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29
Q

The larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords), which produce

A

sound.

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30
Q

Taunt vocal folds produce

A

high pitches.

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31
Q

Relaxed vocal folds produce

A

low pitches.

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32
Q

Sound originates from the

A

vibration of the vocal folds, but other structures are necessary for converting the sound into recognizable speech.

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33
Q

Laryngitis is an

A

inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants.

34
Q

Cancer of the larynx is almost exclusively found in

A

smokers.

35
Q

The trachea (windpipe) is located

A

anterior to the esophagus.

36
Q

The trachea extends from the larynx to the

A

primary bronchi.

37
Q

The trachea is composed of

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

38
Q

The cartilage rings of the trachea keep the airway

A

open.

39
Q

The cilia of the epithelium sweep debris

A

away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed.

40
Q

The trachea divides into the

A

right and left primary bronchi.

41
Q

The bronchial tree consists of the

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.

42
Q

Changes in histology reflect changes in

A

function in the structures of the bronchial tree.

43
Q

The mucus membrane changes from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with many goblet cells in the largest bronchi to

A

non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium in the smallest bronchioles.

44
Q

The C-rings of the trachea are replaced by

A

plates of cartilage in the bronchi and eventually disappear completely in the bronchioles.

45
Q

As the amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of

A

smooth muscle increases.

46
Q

Lungs are paired organs in the

A

thoracic cavity.

47
Q

The lungs are enclosed and protected by the

A

pleural membrane.

48
Q

The parietal pleura is the

A

outer layer which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

49
Q

The visceral pleura is the

A

inner layer, covering the lungs themselves.

50
Q

Between the pleurae is a small potential space, the

A

pleural cavity, which contains a serous lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

51
Q

The lungs extend from the

A

diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.

52
Q

Injuries to the chest wall that allow air to enter the intrapleural space either from the outside or from the alveoli cause

A

pneumothorax, filling the pleural cavity with air.

53
Q

The right lung has

A

three lobes separated by two fissures.

54
Q

The left lung has

A

two lobes separated by one fissure and a depression, the cardiac notch.

55
Q

The secondary (lobar) bronchi give rise to branches called

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply segments of lung tissue called bronchopulmonary segments.

56
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called

A

lobules.

57
Q

Lobules contain

A

lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

58
Q

Alveolar walls consist of

A

type I alveolar (squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells, type II alveolar (septal) cells, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells).

59
Q

Type II alveolar cells secrete

A

alveolar fluid, which keeps the alveolar cells moist and contains a component called surfactant.

60
Q

Surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the

A

collapse of alveoli with each expiration.

61
Q

Inadequate surfactant in premature infants can result in

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, which causes blue skin color and labored breathing.

62
Q

Compliance is the ease with which the

A

lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.

63
Q

Any condition that destroys lung tissue, causes it to become filled with fluid, or produces a deficiency in surfactant results in

A

decreased compliance.

64
Q

Any condition that obstructs the air passageway increases

A

resistance, and more pressure is required to force air through.

65
Q

Breathing patterns and modified respiratory movements include

A

normal variations in breathing rate and depth.

66
Q

Apnea refers to

A

breath holding.

67
Q

Dyspnea relates to

A

painful or difficult breathing.

68
Q

Tachypnea involves

A

rapid breathing rate.

69
Q

Costal breathing requires

A

combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during the need for increased ventilation, as with exercise.

70
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing is the

A

usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.

71
Q

Gas exchange occurs across the

A

alveolar-capillary membrane.

72
Q

Blood enters the lungs via the

A

pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation).

73
Q

Most of the blood leaves the lungs by the

A

pulmonary veins, but some drains into the bronchial veins.

74
Q

In the lungs, vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well-ventilated areas. This phenomenon is known as

A

ventilation-perfusion coupling.

75
Q

Patency helps to maintain the system as the

A

air passageways are kept free of obstructions.

76
Q

Respiration occurs in three basic steps:

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

77
Q

Inhalation (inspiration) is the process of

A

bringing air into the lungs.

78
Q

The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by

A

Boyle’s law, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant.

79
Q

The first step in expanding the lungs involves contraction of the

A

main inspiratory muscle, the diaphragm.

80
Q

Inhalation occurs when alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls below

A

atmospheric pressure.

81
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax, thus decreasing the intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure so that the

A

lungs expand.

82
Q

During forced inhalation, accessory muscles of inspiration (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minor) are

A

also

A&P II (12 decks)

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