Respirtory - Sheet1

Question 1

The two systems that cooperate to supply O2 and CO2 are

Answer 1

the cardiovascular and the respiratory system.

Question 2

The respiratory system provides for

Answer 2

gas exchange.

Question 3

The cardiovascular system

Answer 3

transports the respiratory gases.

Question 4

Failure of either system has the same effect on the body:

Answer 4

disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from starvation and buildup of waste products.

Question 5

Respiration is the exchange of gases between

Answer 5

the atmosphere and cells.

Question 6

Respiration takes place in three basic processes:

Answer 6

ventilation (breathing), external (pulmonary) respiration, and internal (tissue) respiration.

Question 7

The respiratory system consists of

Answer 7

the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 8

The upper respiratory system refers to the

Answer 8

nose and pharynx, and associated structures.

Question 9

The lower respiratory system refers to the

Answer 9

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 10

The conducting system consists of

Answer 10

a series of cavities and tubes - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles - that conduct air into the lungs.

Question 11

The respiratory portion consists of

Answer 11

the area where gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

Question 12

The external portion of the nose is made of

Answer 12

cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane.

Question 13

Openings to the exterior of the nose are called

Answer 13

external nares.

Question 14

The bony framework of the nose is formed by the

Answer 14

frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae.

Question 15

The interior structures of the nose are specialized for

Answer 15

warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; receiving olfactory stimuli; and serving as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds.

Question 16

The internal portion of the nose communicates with the

Answer 16

paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx through the internal nares.

Question 17

The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the

Answer 17

nasal cavity.

Question 18

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left sides by the

Answer 18

nasal septum.

Question 19

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the

Answer 19

vestibule.

Question 20

The pharynx (throat) is a

Answer 20

muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane.

Question 21

The anatomic regions of the pharynx are the

Answer 21

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 22

The nasopharynx functions in

Answer 22

respiration.

Question 23

Both the oropharynx and laryngopharynx function in

Answer 23

digestion and respiration (serving as a passageway for both air and food).

Question 24

The larynx (voice box) is a passageway that connects the

Answer 24

pharynx with the trachea.

Question 25

The larynx contains the thyroid cartilage, commonly known as the

Answer 25

Adam's apple.

Question 26

The epiglottis prevents food from

Answer 26

entering the larynx.

Question 27

The cricoid cartilage connects the

Answer 27

larynx and trachea.

Question 28

The paired cartilages of the larynx include the

Answer 28

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.

Question 29

The larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords), which produce

Answer 29

sound.

Question 30

Taunt vocal folds produce

Answer 30

high pitches.

Question 31

Relaxed vocal folds produce

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low pitches.

Question 32

Sound originates from the

Answer 32

vibration of the vocal folds, but other structures are necessary for converting the sound into recognizable speech.

Question 33

Laryngitis is an

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inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants.

Question 34

Cancer of the larynx is almost exclusively found in

Answer 34

smokers.

Question 35

The trachea (windpipe) is located

Answer 35

anterior to the esophagus.

Question 36

The trachea extends from the larynx to the

Answer 36

primary bronchi.

Question 37

The trachea is composed of

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C-shaped rings of cartilage and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 38

The cartilage rings of the trachea keep the airway

Answer 38

open.

Question 39

The cilia of the epithelium sweep debris

Answer 39

away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed.

Question 40

The trachea divides into the

Answer 40

right and left primary bronchi.

Question 41

The bronchial tree consists of the

Answer 41

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.

Question 42

Changes in histology reflect changes in

Answer 42

function in the structures of the bronchial tree.

Question 43

The mucus membrane changes from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with many goblet cells in the largest bronchi to

Answer 43

non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium in the smallest bronchioles.

Question 44

The C-rings of the trachea are replaced by

Answer 44

plates of cartilage in the bronchi and eventually disappear completely in the bronchioles.

Question 45

As the amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of

Answer 45

smooth muscle increases.

Question 46

Lungs are paired organs in the

Answer 46

thoracic cavity.

Question 47

The lungs are enclosed and protected by the

Answer 47

pleural membrane.

Question 48

The parietal pleura is the

Answer 48

outer layer which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Question 49

The visceral pleura is the

Answer 49

inner layer, covering the lungs themselves.

Question 50

Between the pleurae is a small potential space, the

Answer 50

pleural cavity, which contains a serous lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

Question 51

The lungs extend from the

Answer 51

diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.

Question 52

Injuries to the chest wall that allow air to enter the intrapleural space either from the outside or from the alveoli cause

Answer 52

pneumothorax, filling the pleural cavity with air.

Question 53

The right lung has

Answer 53

three lobes separated by two fissures.

Question 54

The left lung has

Answer 54

two lobes separated by one fissure and a depression, the cardiac notch.

Question 55

The secondary (lobar) bronchi give rise to branches called

Answer 55

tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply segments of lung tissue called bronchopulmonary segments.

Question 56

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called

Answer 56

lobules.

Question 57

Lobules contain

Answer 57

lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

Question 58

Alveolar walls consist of

Answer 58

type I alveolar (squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells, type II alveolar (septal) cells, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells).

Question 59

Type II alveolar cells secrete

Answer 59

alveolar fluid, which keeps the alveolar cells moist and contains a component called surfactant.

Question 60

Surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the

Answer 60

collapse of alveoli with each expiration.

Question 61

Inadequate surfactant in premature infants can result in

Answer 61

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, which causes blue skin color and labored breathing.

Question 62

Compliance is the ease with which the

Answer 62

lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.

Question 63

Any condition that destroys lung tissue, causes it to become filled with fluid, or produces a deficiency in surfactant results in

Answer 63

decreased compliance.

Question 64

Any condition that obstructs the air passageway increases

Answer 64

resistance, and more pressure is required to force air through.

Question 65

Breathing patterns and modified respiratory movements include

Answer 65

normal variations in breathing rate and depth.

Question 66

Apnea refers to

Answer 66

breath holding.

Question 67

Dyspnea relates to

Answer 67

painful or difficult breathing.

Question 68

Tachypnea involves

Answer 68

rapid breathing rate.

Question 69

Costal breathing requires

Answer 69

combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during the need for increased ventilation, as with exercise.

Question 70

Diaphragmatic breathing is the

Answer 70

usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.

Question 71

Gas exchange occurs across the

Answer 71

alveolar-capillary membrane.

Question 72

Blood enters the lungs via the

Answer 72

pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation).

Question 73

Most of the blood leaves the lungs by the

Answer 73

pulmonary veins, but some drains into the bronchial veins.

Question 74

In the lungs, vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well-ventilated areas. This phenomenon is known as

Answer 74

ventilation-perfusion coupling.

Question 75

Patency helps to maintain the system as the

Answer 75

air passageways are kept free of obstructions.

Question 76

Respiration occurs in three basic steps:

Answer 76

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

Question 77

Inhalation (inspiration) is the process of

Answer 77

bringing air into the lungs.

Question 78

The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by

Answer 78

Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant.

Question 79

The first step in expanding the lungs involves contraction of the

Answer 79

main inspiratory muscle, the diaphragm.

Question 80

Inhalation occurs when alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls below

Answer 80

atmospheric pressure.

Question 81

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax, thus decreasing the intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure so that the

Answer 81

lungs expand.

Question 82

During forced inhalation, accessory muscles of inspiration (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minor) are

Answer 82

also