Columns Lymph - Sheet1

Question 1

Immunity is the ability of the ______ to defend itself against specific invading agents.

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

______ are substances recognized as foreign by the immune responses.

Answer 2

Antigens

Question 3

The distinguishing properties of immunity are ______ and ______.

Answer 3

specificity, memory

Question 4

Both T cells and B cells derive from ______ in bone marrow.

Answer 4

stem cells

Question 5

T cells complete their development, becoming immunocompetent, in ______.

Answer 5

the thymus

Question 6

B cells complete their development, becoming immunocompetent, in ______.

Answer 6

bone marrow

Question 7

______ develop from pre-T cells that migrate to the thymus where they become immunocompetent under the influence of thymic hormones.

Answer 7

T cells

Question 8

Before T cells leave the thymus or B cells leave bone marrow, they acquire several distinctive surface proteins; some function as ______.

Answer 8

antigen receptors

Question 9

Cell-mediated immunity refers to destruction of antigens by ______.

Answer 9

T cells

Question 10

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against ______ pathogens, such as fungi, parasites, and viruses; some cancer cells; and foreign tissue transplants.

Answer 10

intracellular

Question 11

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity refers to destruction of antigens by ______.

Answer 11

B cells

Question 12

Antibody-mediated immunity works mainly against antigens dissolved in body ______ and extracellular pathogens.

Answer 12

fluids

Question 13

A pathogen often provokes ______ types of immune response.

Answer 13

both

Question 14

Clonal selection is the process by which an immune cell ______ and differentiates in response to a specific antigen.

Answer 14

proliferates

Question 15

Two major types of cells result from clonal selection: 1) ______ cells; and 2) memory cells.

Answer 15

effector

Question 16

Effector cells are the cells that actually do the work to destroy the antigen and include: ______ T cells, helper T cells, and plasma cells.

Answer 16

cytotoxic

Question 17

Memory cells, with ______ life spans, provide a faster invasion response by proliferating and differentiating into effector cells.

Answer 17

long

Question 18

Antigens are ______ substances that are recognized as foreign by antigen receptors when introduced into the body.

Answer 18

immunogenic

Question 19

An antigen that gets past the nonspecific defenses can get into lymphatic tissue by entering an injured ______ and being carried to the spleen.

Answer 19

blood vessel

Question 20

Antigens are large, complex molecules. They are most often ______, but sometimes are nucleoproteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.

Answer 20

proteins

Question 21

Specific portions of antigen molecules, called ______, trigger immune responses.

Answer 21

epitopes

Question 22

Antigen receptors exhibit great diversity due to ______.

Answer 22

genetic recombination

Question 23

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (also called human leukocyte antigens, or HLA) are ______ to each person’s body cells.

Answer 23

unique

Question 24

All cells except ______ display MHC class I antigens.

Answer 24

red blood cells

Question 25

Some cells also display MHC class II antigens, particularly ______ cells.

Answer 25

antigen-presenting

Question 26

For an immune response to occur, B and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is ______.

Answer 26

present

Question 27

B cells can recognize and bind to antigens in ______.

Answer 27

lymph, blood, or interstitial fluid

Question 28

T cells can only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that first have been processed and presented in association with ______ self-antigens.

Answer 28

MHC

Question 29

Processing of exogenous antigens is carried out by cells called ______.

Answer 29

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Question 30

APCs include macrophages, B cells, and ______ cells.

Answer 30

dendritic

Question 31

Most cells of the body can process and present ______ antigens, antigens that were synthesized in a body cell.

Answer 31

endogenous

Question 32

Cytokines are small protein ______ needed for many normal cell functions.

Answer 32

hormones

Question 33

In a cell-mediated immune response, an antigen is ______, a small number of specific T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells.

Answer 33

recognized

Question 34

T cell receptors recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC molecules on the ______ of a body cell.

Answer 34

surface

Question 35

Proliferation of T cells requires ______ by cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2).

Answer 35

co-stimulation