Columns - Sheet1

Question 1

The ability to ward off the pathogens that produce disease is called

Answer 1

resistance

Question 2

Lack of resistance is called

Answer 2

susceptibility

Question 3

Resistance to disease can be grouped into two broad areas: _______ or immunity and _______.

Answer 3

nonspecific resistance, specific immunity

Question 4

The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called ______, flowing within lymphatic vessels, several structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue (specialized reticular tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes), and the ______, which is the site of lymphocyte production.

Answer 4

lymph, bone marrow

Question 5

______ and lymph are basically the same.

Answer 5

Interstitial fluid

Question 6

Their major difference is ______.

Answer 6

location

Question 7

The lymphatic system functions to drain ______, return leaked plasma proteins to the blood, transport dietary fats, and protect against invasion by nonspecific defenses and specific immune responses.

Answer 7

interstitial fluid

Question 8

Lymphatic vessels begin as blind-ended lymph ______ in tissue spaces between cells.

Answer 8

capillaries

Question 9

______ drains into lymphatic capillaries, thus forming lymph.

Answer 9

Interstitial fluid

Question 10

Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels, called ______, which convey lymph into and out of structures called lymph ______.

Answer 10

lymphatic vessels, nodes

Question 11

Lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body except in avascular tissue, the nervous system, portions of the spleen, and ______.

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

Lymphatic capillaries have a slightly ______ diameter than blood capillaries and have overlapping endothelial cells which work as one-way valves for fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary.

Answer 12

larger

Question 13

Anchoring filaments attach endothelial cells to surrounding tissue. A lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine is called a ______.

Answer 13

lacteal

Question 14

It functions to transport digested fats from the small intestine into the ______.

Answer 14

blood

Question 15

The principal lymph trunks, formed from the exiting vessels of lymph nodes, are the ______, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks.

Answer 15

lumbar

Question 16

The thoracic duct begins as a dilation called the ______, and is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system.

Answer 16

cisterna chyli

Question 17

The thoracic duct receives lymph from the ______ side of the head, neck, and chest, the left upper extremity, and the entire body below the ribs.

Answer 17

left

Question 18

It drains lymph into venous blood via the left ______.

Answer 18

subclavian vein

Question 19

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper ______ side of the body.

Answer 19

right

Question 20

Interferons are surface receptors, inducing uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibit viral replication.

Answer 20

complement system

Question 21

A group of about 20 proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes makes up the ______; when activated, these proteins ‘complement’ or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.

Answer 21

complement system

Question 22

______ remove iron from the body fluids thereby inhibiting microbial growth.

Answer 22

Iron-binding proteins

Question 23

Antimicrobial substances are peptides that produce antimicrobial activity and attract dendritic and mast cells.

Answer 23

antimicrobial substances

Question 24

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify ______.

Answer 24

T and B cells

Question 25

They have the ability to “kill” a wide variety of infectious microbes.

Answer 25

Natural killer cells

Question 26

NK cells sometimes release ______ that insert into the plasma membrane of a microbe and make the membrane leaky so that cytolysis occurs.

Answer 26

perforins

Question 27

Phagocytes are cells specialized to perform phagocytosis and include ______ and macrophages.

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

The three phases of phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adherence, and ______.

Answer 28

ingestion

Question 29

After phagocytosis has been accomplished, a ______ is formed and the lysosome in the phagolysosome, along with lethal oxidants produced by the phagocyte, quickly kills many types of microbes.

Answer 29

phagolysosome

Question 30

Inflammation occurs when cells are ______ by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The injury may be viewed as a form of stress.

Answer 30

damaged

Question 31

Inflammation is usually characterized by four symptoms: redness, pain, heat, and swelling. Loss of function may be a ______ symptom, depending on the site and extent of the injury.

Answer 31

fifth

Question 32

The three basic stages of inflammation are: 1) vasodilation and increased ______ of blood vessels; 2) phagocyte migration; and 3) repair.

Answer 32

permeability

Question 33

Substances that contribute to inflammation are histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, and ______.

Answer 33

complement

Question 34

After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die, forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue and fluid called ______.

Answer 34

pus

Question 35

Pus must drain out of the body or it accumulates in a confined space, causing an ______.

Answer 35

abscess

Question 36

When tissue sloughs off then a ______ is formed.

Answer 36

ulcer

Question 37

Fever is usually caused by infection from bacteria (and their toxins) and viruses. The high body temperature inhibits some microbial growth and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.

Answer 37

Fever

Question 38

With advancing age, the immune system functions ______. Individuals become more susceptible to infections and malignancies, response to vaccines is decreased, and more antibodies are produced.

Answer 38

less effectively

Question 39

Cellular and humoral responses also ______ with age.

Answer 39

diminish