Columns - Sheet1 Flashcards
The ability to ward off the pathogens that produce disease is called
resistance
Lack of resistance is called
susceptibility
Resistance to disease can be grouped into two broad areas: _______ or immunity and _______.
nonspecific resistance, specific immunity
The lymphatic system consists of a fluid called ______, flowing within lymphatic vessels, several structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue (specialized reticular tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes), and the ______, which is the site of lymphocyte production.
lymph, bone marrow
______ and lymph are basically the same.
Interstitial fluid
Their major difference is ______.
location
The lymphatic system functions to drain ______, return leaked plasma proteins to the blood, transport dietary fats, and protect against invasion by nonspecific defenses and specific immune responses.
interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels begin as blind-ended lymph ______ in tissue spaces between cells.
capillaries
______ drains into lymphatic capillaries, thus forming lymph.
Interstitial fluid
Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels, called ______, which convey lymph into and out of structures called lymph ______.
lymphatic vessels, nodes
Lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body except in avascular tissue, the nervous system, portions of the spleen, and ______.
bone marrow
Lymphatic capillaries have a slightly ______ diameter than blood capillaries and have overlapping endothelial cells which work as one-way valves for fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary.
larger
Anchoring filaments attach endothelial cells to surrounding tissue. A lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine is called a ______.
lacteal
It functions to transport digested fats from the small intestine into the ______.
blood
The principal lymph trunks, formed from the exiting vessels of lymph nodes, are the ______, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks.
lumbar
The thoracic duct begins as a dilation called the ______, and is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system.
cisterna chyli
The thoracic duct receives lymph from the ______ side of the head, neck, and chest, the left upper extremity, and the entire body below the ribs.
left
It drains lymph into venous blood via the left ______.
subclavian vein
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper ______ side of the body.
right
Interferons are surface receptors, inducing uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibit viral replication.
complement system
A group of about 20 proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes makes up the ______; when activated, these proteins ‘complement’ or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.
complement system
______ remove iron from the body fluids thereby inhibiting microbial growth.
Iron-binding proteins
Antimicrobial substances are peptides that produce antimicrobial activity and attract dendritic and mast cells.
antimicrobial substances
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify ______.
T and B cells
They have the ability to “kill” a wide variety of infectious microbes.
Natural killer cells
NK cells sometimes release ______ that insert into the plasma membrane of a microbe and make the membrane leaky so that cytolysis occurs.
perforins
Phagocytes are cells specialized to perform phagocytosis and include ______ and macrophages.
neutrophils
The three phases of phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adherence, and ______.
ingestion
After phagocytosis has been accomplished, a ______ is formed and the lysosome in the phagolysosome, along with lethal oxidants produced by the phagocyte, quickly kills many types of microbes.
phagolysosome
Inflammation occurs when cells are ______ by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The injury may be viewed as a form of stress.
damaged
Inflammation is usually characterized by four symptoms: redness, pain, heat, and swelling. Loss of function may be a ______ symptom, depending on the site and extent of the injury.
fifth
The three basic stages of inflammation are: 1) vasodilation and increased ______ of blood vessels; 2) phagocyte migration; and 3) repair.
permeability
Substances that contribute to inflammation are histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, and ______.
complement
After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die, forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue and fluid called ______.
pus
Pus must drain out of the body or it accumulates in a confined space, causing an ______.
abscess
When tissue sloughs off then a ______ is formed.
ulcer
Fever is usually caused by infection from bacteria (and their toxins) and viruses. The high body temperature inhibits some microbial growth and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.
Fever
With advancing age, the immune system functions ______. Individuals become more susceptible to infections and malignancies, response to vaccines is decreased, and more antibodies are produced.
less effectively
Cellular and humoral responses also ______ with age.
diminish
