Digestive Flashcards
What does mastication do?
Mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus.
What does salivary amylase do?
Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.
What does the esophagus connect?
Pharynx to the stomach.
What are the structural layers of the esophagus wall?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia.
What is peristalsis?
Progressive contractions moving food in the esophagus.
What stages are part of deglutition?
Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal.
What is chyme?
The liquid form of food in the stomach.
What are rugae?
Folds in the stomach mucosa when empty.
What is the pharynx?
A funnel-shaped tube extending from the nares to the larynx.
What are the functions of the nasopharynx?
Respiration only.
What are the functions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Digestion and respiration.
What is the process of chewing food called?
Mastication
What is the role of saliva in the mouth?
Mixes food and begins digestion.
What enzyme in saliva breaks down starches?
Salivary amylase
What does salivary amylase convert starches into?
Maltose
What is the name for the chewed food mixed with saliva?
Bolus
What type of cells secrete HCl in the gastric glands?
Parietal
What hormone do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
Gastrin
What type of connective tissue is in the submucosa?
Areolar
What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?
Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique
What does the lesser omentum connect?
Lesser Curvature
What does the greater omentum connect?
Greater Curvature
What type of movement is used for mechanical digestion in the stomach?
Mixing Waves
What enzyme converts proteins to peptides in the stomach?
Pepsin
What does gastric lipase break butterfat into?
Fatty Acids
What is the liquid form of food in the stomach called?
Chyme
What are the three parts of the pancreas?
Head, Body, Tail
What duct connects the pancreas to the duodenum?
Duct of Wirsung
What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down proteins?
Trypsin
What does sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice do?
Alkaline pH
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
What separates the left and right lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
What is stored in the gallbladder?
Bile
What is the outer layer of the gallbladder?
Visceral Peritoneum
What blood vessels supply the liver?
Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein
What cells produce bile in the liver?
Hepatocytes
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Emulsification
What is the main section of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What are permanent ridges in the small intestine’s mucosa called?
Plica Circularis
What structures increase surface area in the small intestine?
Villi
What is absorbed into the lacteal?
Lipids
What are the folds in the mucosa of the small intestine called?
Villi
What enzyme breaks down starches into maltose?
Salivary Amylase
What is the process of mixing chyme in the small intestine?
Segmentation
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?
Villi
What is the process of fat digestion called?
Emulsification
What are the three main types of intestinal enzymes?
Brush Border Enzymes
What is absorbed as monosaccharides in the small intestine?
Carbohydrates
What type of transport is used for monosaccharides?
Active Transport
What are fats absorbed as?
Chylomicrons
What are chylomicrons absorbed into?
Lacteal
What is the term for the elimination of feces from the body?
Defecation
What muscle movement propels chyme through the intestine?
Peristalsis
What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?
Segmentation
What does trypsin break proteins into?
Peptides
What are the structures that absorb lipids into the lymphatic system?
Lacteal
What is the term for the digestion of nucleic acids?
Hydrolyze
What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Microvilli
What is the term for the movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?
Gastric Emptying
What is the combination of lipid and protein called?
Chylomicrons
What type of vitamins are absorbed with dietary lipids in micelles?
Fat-Soluble
What type of vitamins are absorbed by simple diffusion?
Water-Soluble
What mechanism is primarily used for electrolyte absorption in the small intestine?
Active Transport
What is the process of water movement from the lumen into blood capillaries?
Osmosis
What does the large intestine extend from?
Ileocecal Sphincter
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
What is inflammation of the appendix called?
Appendicitis
What are the three main parts of the colon?
Ascending, Transverse, Descending
What is the specialized portion of the longitudinal muscle in the colon called?
Teniae Coli
What do the Teniae Coli form in the colon?
Haustra
What is the term for the chemical digestion in the large intestine through bacterial action?
Bacterial
What is the primary content of feces?
Water
What is the reflex action for eliminating feces from the rectum called?
Defecation
What term describes frequent defecation of liquid feces?
Diarrhea
What term describes infrequent or difficult defecation?
Constipation
What phase of digestion involves reflexes initiated by sensory receptors in the head?
Cephalic Phase
What phase of digestion is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms?
Gastric Phase
What stimulates the release of gastrin and gastric juice during the gastric phase?
Acetylcholine
What hormone stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions and inhibits gastric juice secretion?
Secretin
What reflex reduces gastric emptying during the intestinal phase?
Enterogastric Reflex
What phase begins when partially digested food enters the small intestine?
Intestinal Phase
What does aging decrease in the digestive system?
Motility
What physiological functions are diminished due to aging of the digestive system?
Secretory Mechanisms
What term describes the transportation of lipids into the lymphatic system?
Chylomicrons
What is the role of the Chylomicrons in lipid digestion?
Transport Lipids
What type of transport is used for monosaccharide absorption?
Active Transport
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?
Villi
What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?
Segmentation
What is the term for the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
Emulsification
What enzyme in pancreatic juice breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
What is the role of Secretin in digestion?
Buffer Acid
What enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach?
Trypsin
What is the substance produced by hepatocytes?
Bile
What is the name for the smooth muscle structure that stores bile?
Gallbladder
What are Micelles used for in lipid digestion?
Absorb Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What condition is characterized by a decreased ability to defecate?
Constipation
What process involves increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Brush Border
What is the digestive process involving the breakdown of proteins into smaller molecules?
Hydrolyze
What part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
Small Intestine
What is the role of Lacteal in nutrient absorption?
Absorb Lipids
What is the process where food becomes a liquid in the stomach?
Gastric Emptying
What term describes the nutrient absorption mechanism involving the movement of substances across a membrane?
Absorption