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A&P II > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What does mastication do?

A

Mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus.

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2
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.

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3
Q

What does the esophagus connect?

A

Pharynx to the stomach.

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4
Q

What are the structural layers of the esophagus wall?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia.

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Progressive contractions moving food in the esophagus.

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6
Q

What stages are part of deglutition?

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal.

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7
Q

What is chyme?

A

The liquid form of food in the stomach.

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8
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the stomach mucosa when empty.

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9
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A funnel-shaped tube extending from the nares to the larynx.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiration only.

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11
Q

What are the functions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Digestion and respiration.

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12
Q

What is the process of chewing food called?

A

Mastication

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13
Q

What is the role of saliva in the mouth?

A

Mixes food and begins digestion.

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14
Q

What enzyme in saliva breaks down starches?

A

Salivary amylase

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15
Q

What does salivary amylase convert starches into?

A

Maltose

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16
Q

What is the name for the chewed food mixed with saliva?

A

Bolus

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17
Q

What type of cells secrete HCl in the gastric glands?

A

Parietal

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18
Q

What hormone do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

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19
Q

What type of connective tissue is in the submucosa?

A

Areolar

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20
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?

A

Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

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21
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Lesser Curvature

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22
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Greater Curvature

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23
Q

What type of movement is used for mechanical digestion in the stomach?

A

Mixing Waves

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24
Q

What enzyme converts proteins to peptides in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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25
What does gastric lipase break butterfat into?
Fatty Acids
26
What is the liquid form of food in the stomach called?
Chyme
27
What are the three parts of the pancreas?
Head, Body, Tail
28
What duct connects the pancreas to the duodenum?
Duct of Wirsung
29
What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
30
What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down proteins?
Trypsin
31
What does sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice do?
Alkaline pH
32
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
33
What separates the left and right lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
34
What is stored in the gallbladder?
Bile
35
What is the outer layer of the gallbladder?
Visceral Peritoneum
36
What blood vessels supply the liver?
Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein
37
What cells produce bile in the liver?
Hepatocytes
38
What is the role of bile in digestion?
Emulsification
39
What is the main section of the small intestine?
Duodenum
40
What are permanent ridges in the small intestine’s mucosa called?
Plica Circularis
41
What structures increase surface area in the small intestine?
Villi
42
What is absorbed into the lacteal?
Lipids
43
What are the folds in the mucosa of the small intestine called?
Villi
44
What enzyme breaks down starches into maltose?
Salivary Amylase
45
What is the process of mixing chyme in the small intestine?
Segmentation
46
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?
Villi
47
What is the process of fat digestion called?
Emulsification
48
What are the three main types of intestinal enzymes?
Brush Border Enzymes
49
What is absorbed as monosaccharides in the small intestine?
Carbohydrates
50
What type of transport is used for monosaccharides?
Active Transport
51
What are fats absorbed as?
Chylomicrons
52
What are chylomicrons absorbed into?
Lacteal
53
What is the term for the elimination of feces from the body?
Defecation
54
What muscle movement propels chyme through the intestine?
Peristalsis
55
What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?
Segmentation
56
What does trypsin break proteins into?
Peptides
57
What are the structures that absorb lipids into the lymphatic system?
Lacteal
58
What is the term for the digestion of nucleic acids?
Hydrolyze
59
What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Microvilli
60
What is the term for the movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?
Gastric Emptying
61
What is the combination of lipid and protein called?
Chylomicrons
62
What type of vitamins are absorbed with dietary lipids in micelles?
Fat-Soluble
63
What type of vitamins are absorbed by simple diffusion?
Water-Soluble
64
What mechanism is primarily used for electrolyte absorption in the small intestine?
Active Transport
65
What is the process of water movement from the lumen into blood capillaries?
Osmosis
66
What does the large intestine extend from?
Ileocecal Sphincter
67
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
68
What is inflammation of the appendix called?
Appendicitis
69
What are the three main parts of the colon?
Ascending, Transverse, Descending
70
What is the specialized portion of the longitudinal muscle in the colon called?
Teniae Coli
71
What do the Teniae Coli form in the colon?
Haustra
72
What is the term for the chemical digestion in the large intestine through bacterial action?
Bacterial
73
What is the primary content of feces?
Water
74
What is the reflex action for eliminating feces from the rectum called?
Defecation
75
What term describes frequent defecation of liquid feces?
Diarrhea
76
What term describes infrequent or difficult defecation?
Constipation
77
What phase of digestion involves reflexes initiated by sensory receptors in the head?
Cephalic Phase
78
What phase of digestion is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms?
Gastric Phase
79
What stimulates the release of gastrin and gastric juice during the gastric phase?
Acetylcholine
80
What hormone stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions and inhibits gastric juice secretion?
Secretin
81
What reflex reduces gastric emptying during the intestinal phase?
Enterogastric Reflex
82
What phase begins when partially digested food enters the small intestine?
Intestinal Phase
83
What does aging decrease in the digestive system?
Motility
84
What physiological functions are diminished due to aging of the digestive system?
Secretory Mechanisms
85
What term describes the transportation of lipids into the lymphatic system?
Chylomicrons
86
What is the role of the Chylomicrons in lipid digestion?
Transport Lipids
87
What type of transport is used for monosaccharide absorption?
Active Transport
88
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?
Villi
89
What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?
Segmentation
90
What is the term for the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
Emulsification
91
What enzyme in pancreatic juice breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
92
What is the role of Secretin in digestion?
Buffer Acid
93
What enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach?
Trypsin
94
What is the substance produced by hepatocytes?
Bile
95
What is the name for the smooth muscle structure that stores bile?
Gallbladder
96
What are Micelles used for in lipid digestion?
Absorb Fat-Soluble Vitamins
97
What condition is characterized by a decreased ability to defecate?
Constipation
98
What process involves increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Brush Border
99
What is the digestive process involving the breakdown of proteins into smaller molecules?
Hydrolyze
100
What part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
Small Intestine
101
What is the role of Lacteal in nutrient absorption?
Absorb Lipids
102
What is the process where food becomes a liquid in the stomach?
Gastric Emptying
103
What term describes the nutrient absorption mechanism involving the movement of substances across a membrane?
Absorption

A&P II (12 decks)

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