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A&P II > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What does mastication do?

A

Mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus.

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2
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.

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3
Q

What does the esophagus connect?

A

Pharynx to the stomach.

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4
Q

What are the structural layers of the esophagus wall?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia.

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Progressive contractions moving food in the esophagus.

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6
Q

What stages are part of deglutition?

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal.

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7
Q

What is chyme?

A

The liquid form of food in the stomach.

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8
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the stomach mucosa when empty.

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9
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A funnel-shaped tube extending from the nares to the larynx.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiration only.

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11
Q

What are the functions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Digestion and respiration.

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12
Q

What is the process of chewing food called?

A

Mastication

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13
Q

What is the role of saliva in the mouth?

A

Mixes food and begins digestion.

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14
Q

What enzyme in saliva breaks down starches?

A

Salivary amylase

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15
Q

What does salivary amylase convert starches into?

A

Maltose

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16
Q

What is the name for the chewed food mixed with saliva?

A

Bolus

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17
Q

What type of cells secrete HCl in the gastric glands?

A

Parietal

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18
Q

What hormone do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

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19
Q

What type of connective tissue is in the submucosa?

A

Areolar

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20
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?

A

Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

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21
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Lesser Curvature

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22
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Greater Curvature

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23
Q

What type of movement is used for mechanical digestion in the stomach?

A

Mixing Waves

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24
Q

What enzyme converts proteins to peptides in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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25
Q

What does gastric lipase break butterfat into?

A

Fatty Acids

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26
Q

What is the liquid form of food in the stomach called?

A

Chyme

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27
Q

What are the three parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, Body, Tail

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28
Q

What duct connects the pancreas to the duodenum?

A

Duct of Wirsung

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29
Q

What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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30
Q

What is the pancreatic juice enzyme that breaks down proteins?

A

Trypsin

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31
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice do?

A

Alkaline pH

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32
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

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33
Q

What separates the left and right lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform Ligament

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34
Q

What is stored in the gallbladder?

A

Bile

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35
Q

What is the outer layer of the gallbladder?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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36
Q

What blood vessels supply the liver?

A

Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein

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37
Q

What cells produce bile in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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38
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Emulsification

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39
Q

What is the main section of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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40
Q

What are permanent ridges in the small intestine’s mucosa called?

A

Plica Circularis

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41
Q

What structures increase surface area in the small intestine?

A

Villi

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42
Q

What is absorbed into the lacteal?

A

Lipids

43
Q

What are the folds in the mucosa of the small intestine called?

A

Villi

44
Q

What enzyme breaks down starches into maltose?

A

Salivary Amylase

45
Q

What is the process of mixing chyme in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

46
Q

What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?

A

Villi

47
Q

What is the process of fat digestion called?

A

Emulsification

48
Q

What are the three main types of intestinal enzymes?

A

Brush Border Enzymes

49
Q

What is absorbed as monosaccharides in the small intestine?

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

What type of transport is used for monosaccharides?

A

Active Transport

51
Q

What are fats absorbed as?

A

Chylomicrons

52
Q

What are chylomicrons absorbed into?

A

Lacteal

53
Q

What is the term for the elimination of feces from the body?

A

Defecation

54
Q

What muscle movement propels chyme through the intestine?

A

Peristalsis

55
Q

What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

56
Q

What does trypsin break proteins into?

A

Peptides

57
Q

What are the structures that absorb lipids into the lymphatic system?

A

Lacteal

58
Q

What is the term for the digestion of nucleic acids?

A

Hydrolyze

59
Q

What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Microvilli

60
Q

What is the term for the movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

Gastric Emptying

61
Q

What is the combination of lipid and protein called?

A

Chylomicrons

62
Q

What type of vitamins are absorbed with dietary lipids in micelles?

A

Fat-Soluble

63
Q

What type of vitamins are absorbed by simple diffusion?

A

Water-Soluble

64
Q

What mechanism is primarily used for electrolyte absorption in the small intestine?

A

Active Transport

65
Q

What is the process of water movement from the lumen into blood capillaries?

A

Osmosis

66
Q

What does the large intestine extend from?

A

Ileocecal Sphincter

67
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal

68
Q

What is inflammation of the appendix called?

A

Appendicitis

69
Q

What are the three main parts of the colon?

A

Ascending, Transverse, Descending

70
Q

What is the specialized portion of the longitudinal muscle in the colon called?

A

Teniae Coli

71
Q

What do the Teniae Coli form in the colon?

A

Haustra

72
Q

What is the term for the chemical digestion in the large intestine through bacterial action?

A

Bacterial

73
Q

What is the primary content of feces?

A

Water

74
Q

What is the reflex action for eliminating feces from the rectum called?

A

Defecation

75
Q

What term describes frequent defecation of liquid feces?

A

Diarrhea

76
Q

What term describes infrequent or difficult defecation?

A

Constipation

77
Q

What phase of digestion involves reflexes initiated by sensory receptors in the head?

A

Cephalic Phase

78
Q

What phase of digestion is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms?

A

Gastric Phase

79
Q

What stimulates the release of gastrin and gastric juice during the gastric phase?

A

Acetylcholine

80
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions and inhibits gastric juice secretion?

A

Secretin

81
Q

What reflex reduces gastric emptying during the intestinal phase?

A

Enterogastric Reflex

82
Q

What phase begins when partially digested food enters the small intestine?

A

Intestinal Phase

83
Q

What does aging decrease in the digestive system?

A

Motility

84
Q

What physiological functions are diminished due to aging of the digestive system?

A

Secretory Mechanisms

85
Q

What term describes the transportation of lipids into the lymphatic system?

A

Chylomicrons

86
Q

What is the role of the Chylomicrons in lipid digestion?

A

Transport Lipids

87
Q

What type of transport is used for monosaccharide absorption?

A

Active Transport

88
Q

What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine?

A

Villi

89
Q

What is the term for localized contractions in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

90
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides?

A

Emulsification

91
Q

What enzyme in pancreatic juice breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

92
Q

What is the role of Secretin in digestion?

A

Buffer Acid

93
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach?

A

Trypsin

94
Q

What is the substance produced by hepatocytes?

A

Bile

95
Q

What is the name for the smooth muscle structure that stores bile?

A

Gallbladder

96
Q

What are Micelles used for in lipid digestion?

A

Absorb Fat-Soluble Vitamins

97
Q

What condition is characterized by a decreased ability to defecate?

A

Constipation

98
Q

What process involves increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

A

Brush Border

99
Q

What is the digestive process involving the breakdown of proteins into smaller molecules?

A

Hydrolyze

100
Q

What part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

A

Small Intestine

101
Q

What is the role of Lacteal in nutrient absorption?

A

Absorb Lipids

102
Q

What is the process where food becomes a liquid in the stomach?

A

Gastric Emptying

103
Q

What term describes the nutrient absorption mechanism involving the movement of substances across a membrane?

A

Absorption

A&P II (12 decks)

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