Respiratory Cloze Delete - Sheet1 Flashcards
Q: As a result of inadequate surfactant, the alveoli of premature infants cannot remain open. This disorder, called ____, results in blue skin color and labored breathing.
A: Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Q: ____ is the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.
A: Compliance.
Q: Any condition that obstructs the air passageway increases ____, and more pressure is required to force air through.
A: Resistance.
Q: ____ is normal variation in breathing rate and depth.
A: Eupnea.
Q: ____ refers to breath holding.
A: Apnea.
Q: ____ relates to painful or difficult breathing.
A: Dyspnea.
Q: ____ involves a rapid breathing rate.
A: Tachypnea.
Q: ____ breathing requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during the need for increased ventilation, as with exercise.
A: Costal breathing.
Q: ____ breathing is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.
A: Diaphragmatic breathing.
Q: Air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation are measured with a ____.
A: Spirometer or respirometer.
Q: Pulmonary lung ____ is the sum of two or more volumes.
A: Capacities.
Q: The ____ volume of respiration is the total volume of air taken in during one minute.
A: Minute.
Q: According to ____, each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.
A: Dalton’s Law.
Q: ____ law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient.
A: Henry’s Law.
Q: External respiration results in the conversion of ____ blood into ____ blood.
A: Deoxygenated; oxygenated.
Q: External respiration depends on partial pressure differences, a large ____ for gas exchange, a small diffusion distance across the alveolar-capillary membrane, and the solubility and molecular weight of the gases.
A: Surface area.
Q: ____ respiration is the exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.
A: Internal (tissue).
Q: At rest, only about ____ of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood actually enters tissue cells.
A: 25%.
Q: In each 100 ml of oxygenated blood, ____% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma and ____% is carried with hemoglobin (Hb) inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2).
A: 1.5%; 98.5%.
Q: Hemoglobin consists of a protein portion called ____ and a pigment called ____.
A: Globin; heme.
Q: In an acid (low pH) environment, O2 splits more readily from hemoglobin. This is referred to as the ____ effect.
A: Bohr.
Q: Low blood pH (acidic conditions) results from ____ PCO2.
A: Higher.
Q: As temperature ____, so does the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin.
A: Increases.
Q: ____ is a substance formed in red blood cells during glycolysis that increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.
A: BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate).
Q: Fetal hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG less strongly and can carry more oxygen to offset the low oxygen saturation in maternal blood in the placenta.
A: Higher.
Q: CO2 is carried in blood in the form of dissolved CO2 (%), carbaminohemoglobin (%), and bicarbonate ions (____%).
A: 7%; 23%; 70%.
Q: The ____ shift maintains the ionic balance between plasma and red blood cells.
A: Chloride.
Q: CO2 in blood causes O2 to split from ____.
A: Hemoglobin.
Q: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin causes the release of CO2 from ____.
A: Hemoglobin.
Q: The area of the brain from which nerve impulses are sent to respiratory muscles is located bilaterally in the ____ formation of the brain stem.
A: Reticular.
Q: The ____ area in the medulla controls the basic rhythm of respiration.
A: Rhythmicity.
Q: The ____ area in the upper pons helps coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration.
A: Pneumotaxic.
Q: ____ influences allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water.
A: Cortical.
Q: Breath holding is limited by the overriding ____ of increased [H+] and [CO2].
A: Stimuli.
Q: Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in ____ concentration or PCO2, or both, in cerebrospinal fluid.
A: H+.
Q: Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in H+, PCO2, and ____.
A: O2.
Q: A slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+), a condition called ____, stimulates central chemoreceptors.
A: Hypercapnea.
Q: If arterial PCO2 is lower than 40 mm Hg, a condition called ____, the inspiratory area sets its own pace until PCO2 rises to 40 mm Hg.
A: Hypocapnea.
Q: Severe deficiency of O2 depresses the activity of the central chemoreceptors and respiratory center. This condition is called ____.
A: Hypoxia.
Q: Aging results in decreased ____ action of the ciliary epithelium lining the respiratory tract, decreased vital capacity, decreased blood oxygen level, and diminished alveolar macrophage activity.
A: Ciliary.
Q: Elderly people are more susceptible to ____, emphysema, and other pulmonary disorders.
A: Pneumonia.
