Respiratory Cloze Delete - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: As a result of inadequate surfactant, the alveoli of premature infants cannot remain open. This disorder, called ____, results in blue skin color and labored breathing.

A

A: Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

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2
Q

Q: ____ is the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.

A

A: Compliance.

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3
Q

Q: Any condition that obstructs the air passageway increases ____, and more pressure is required to force air through.

A

A: Resistance.

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4
Q

Q: ____ is normal variation in breathing rate and depth.

A

A: Eupnea.

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5
Q

Q: ____ refers to breath holding.

A

A: Apnea.

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6
Q

Q: ____ relates to painful or difficult breathing.

A

A: Dyspnea.

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7
Q

Q: ____ involves a rapid breathing rate.

A

A: Tachypnea.

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8
Q

Q: ____ breathing requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during the need for increased ventilation, as with exercise.

A

A: Costal breathing.

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9
Q

Q: ____ breathing is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume.

A

A: Diaphragmatic breathing.

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10
Q

Q: Air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation are measured with a ____.

A

A: Spirometer or respirometer.

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11
Q

Q: Pulmonary lung ____ is the sum of two or more volumes.

A

A: Capacities.

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12
Q

Q: The ____ volume of respiration is the total volume of air taken in during one minute.

A

A: Minute.

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13
Q

Q: According to ____, each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.

A

A: Dalton’s Law.

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14
Q

Q: ____ law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient.

A

A: Henry’s Law.

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15
Q

Q: External respiration results in the conversion of ____ blood into ____ blood.

A

A: Deoxygenated; oxygenated.

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16
Q

Q: External respiration depends on partial pressure differences, a large ____ for gas exchange, a small diffusion distance across the alveolar-capillary membrane, and the solubility and molecular weight of the gases.

A

A: Surface area.

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17
Q

Q: ____ respiration is the exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.

A

A: Internal (tissue).

18
Q

Q: At rest, only about ____ of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood actually enters tissue cells.

19
Q

Q: In each 100 ml of oxygenated blood, ____% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma and ____% is carried with hemoglobin (Hb) inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2).

A

A: 1.5%; 98.5%.

20
Q

Q: Hemoglobin consists of a protein portion called ____ and a pigment called ____.

A

A: Globin; heme.

21
Q

Q: In an acid (low pH) environment, O2 splits more readily from hemoglobin. This is referred to as the ____ effect.

22
Q

Q: Low blood pH (acidic conditions) results from ____ PCO2.

A

A: Higher.

23
Q

Q: As temperature ____, so does the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin.

A

A: Increases.

24
Q

Q: ____ is a substance formed in red blood cells during glycolysis that increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.

A

A: BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate).

25
Q: Fetal hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG less strongly and can carry more oxygen to offset the low oxygen saturation in maternal blood in the placenta.
A: Higher.
26
Q: CO2 is carried in blood in the form of dissolved CO2 (%), carbaminohemoglobin (%), and bicarbonate ions (____%).
A: 7%; 23%; 70%.
27
Q: The ____ shift maintains the ionic balance between plasma and red blood cells.
A: Chloride.
28
Q: CO2 in blood causes O2 to split from ____.
A: Hemoglobin.
29
Q: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin causes the release of CO2 from ____.
A: Hemoglobin.
30
Q: The area of the brain from which nerve impulses are sent to respiratory muscles is located bilaterally in the ____ formation of the brain stem.
A: Reticular.
31
Q: The ____ area in the medulla controls the basic rhythm of respiration.
A: Rhythmicity.
32
Q: The ____ area in the upper pons helps coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration.
A: Pneumotaxic.
33
Q: ____ influences allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water.
A: Cortical.
34
Q: Breath holding is limited by the overriding ____ of increased [H+] and [CO2].
A: Stimuli.
35
Q: Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in ____ concentration or PCO2, or both, in cerebrospinal fluid.
A: H+.
36
Q: Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in H+, PCO2, and ____.
A: O2.
37
Q: A slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+), a condition called ____, stimulates central chemoreceptors.
A: Hypercapnea.
38
Q: If arterial PCO2 is lower than 40 mm Hg, a condition called ____, the inspiratory area sets its own pace until PCO2 rises to 40 mm Hg.
A: Hypocapnea.
39
Q: Severe deficiency of O2 depresses the activity of the central chemoreceptors and respiratory center. This condition is called ____.
A: Hypoxia.
40
Q: Aging results in decreased ____ action of the ciliary epithelium lining the respiratory tract, decreased vital capacity, decreased blood oxygen level, and diminished alveolar macrophage activity.
A: Ciliary.
41
Q: Elderly people are more susceptible to ____, emphysema, and other pulmonary disorders.
A: Pneumonia.