Respiratory fixed - Sheet1 Flashcards
Q: What disorder results from inadequate surfactant in premature infants, causing alveoli to not remain open?
A: Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Q: What does the term “compliance” refer to in the respiratory system?
A: The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.
Q: What can increase resistance to airflow in the lungs?
A: Conditions that obstruct the air passageway.
Q: What is normal variation in breathing rate and depth called?
A: Eupnea.
Q: What term refers to breath holding?
A: Apnea.
Q: What term relates to painful or difficult breathing?
A: Dyspnea.
Q: What involves a rapid breathing rate?
A: Tachypnea.
Q: What type of breathing requires combinations of intercostal and extracostal muscles during exercise?
A: Costal breathing.
Q: What is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm?
A: Diaphragmatic breathing.
Q: What measures air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation?
A: Spirometer or respirometer.
Q: What is the sum of two or more lung volumes called?
A: Pulmonary lung capacities.
Q: What volume of respiration is the total volume of air taken in during one minute?
A: Minute volume of respiration.
Q: What law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present?
A: Dalton’s Law.
Q: According to which law, the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility?
A: Henry’s Law.
Q: What results from external respiration?
A: Conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.
Q: What factors does external respiration depend on?
A: Partial pressure differences, surface area for gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility, and molecular weight of gases.
Q: What is internal (tissue) respiration?
A: The exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.
Q: How much of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood enters tissue cells at rest?
A: About 25%.
Q: How is oxygen transported in the blood?
A: 1.5% dissolved in plasma, 98.5% carried with hemoglobin inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin.
Q: What does hemoglobin consist of?
A: A protein portion called globin and a pigment called heme.
Q: How does pH affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
A: In an acid (low pH) environment, oxygen splits more readily from hemoglobin.
Q: What increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
A: Low blood pH (acidic conditions) and high temperature.
Q: What is BPG and how does it affect oxygen release from hemoglobin?
A: BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) is formed during glycolysis and increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.
Q: How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A: Dissolved CO2 (7%), carbaminohemoglobin (23%), and bicarbonate ions (70%).
