Respiratory fixed - Sheet1 Flashcards
Q: What disorder results from inadequate surfactant in premature infants, causing alveoli to not remain open?
A: Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Q: What does the term “compliance” refer to in the respiratory system?
A: The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.
Q: What can increase resistance to airflow in the lungs?
A: Conditions that obstruct the air passageway.
Q: What is normal variation in breathing rate and depth called?
A: Eupnea.
Q: What term refers to breath holding?
A: Apnea.
Q: What term relates to painful or difficult breathing?
A: Dyspnea.
Q: What involves a rapid breathing rate?
A: Tachypnea.
Q: What type of breathing requires combinations of intercostal and extracostal muscles during exercise?
A: Costal breathing.
Q: What is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm?
A: Diaphragmatic breathing.
Q: What measures air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation?
A: Spirometer or respirometer.
Q: What is the sum of two or more lung volumes called?
A: Pulmonary lung capacities.
Q: What volume of respiration is the total volume of air taken in during one minute?
A: Minute volume of respiration.
Q: What law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present?
A: Dalton’s Law.
Q: According to which law, the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility?
A: Henry’s Law.
Q: What results from external respiration?
A: Conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.
Q: What factors does external respiration depend on?
A: Partial pressure differences, surface area for gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility, and molecular weight of gases.
Q: What is internal (tissue) respiration?
A: The exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.
Q: How much of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood enters tissue cells at rest?
A: About 25%.
Q: How is oxygen transported in the blood?
A: 1.5% dissolved in plasma, 98.5% carried with hemoglobin inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin.
Q: What does hemoglobin consist of?
A: A protein portion called globin and a pigment called heme.
Q: How does pH affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
A: In an acid (low pH) environment, oxygen splits more readily from hemoglobin.
Q: What increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
A: Low blood pH (acidic conditions) and high temperature.
Q: What is BPG and how does it affect oxygen release from hemoglobin?
A: BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) is formed during glycolysis and increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.
Q: How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A: Dissolved CO2 (7%), carbaminohemoglobin (23%), and bicarbonate ions (70%).
Q: What maintains the ionic balance between plasma and red blood cells during CO2 transport?
A: The chloride shift.
Q: What causes oxygen to split from hemoglobin in the blood?
A: The presence of CO2.
Q: What causes the release of CO2 from hemoglobin?
A: The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
Q: Where is the respiratory center located in the brain?
A: In the reticular formation of the brain stem.
Q: What does the medullary rhythmicity area control?
A: The basic rhythm of respiration.
Q: What does the pneumotaxic area in the pons help regulate?
A: The transition between inspiration and expiration.
Q: What allows for conscious control of respiration?
A: Cortical influences.
Q: What limits breath holding?
A: The overriding stimuli of increased [H+] and [CO2].
Q: What do central chemoreceptors respond to?
A: Changes in H+ concentration or PCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid.
Q: What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
A: Changes in H+, PCO2, and O2 levels in the blood.
Q: What stimulates central chemoreceptors and results in hyperventilation?
A: A slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+).
Q: What is the condition called when arterial PCO2 is lower than 40 mmHg?
A: Hypocapnea.
Q: What happens in severe oxygen deficiency?
A: It depresses the activity of the central chemoreceptors and respiratory center.
Q: What refers to oxygen deficiency at the tissue level?
A: Hypoxia.
Q: How does aging affect the respiratory system?
A: Decreased vital capacity, decreased blood oxygen level, diminished alveolar macrophage activity, and decreased ciliary action.
Q: What makes elderly people more susceptible to respiratory infections?
A: Decreased function of the respiratory system.
