Respiratory fixed - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What disorder results from inadequate surfactant in premature infants, causing alveoli to not remain open?

A

A: Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

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2
Q

Q: What does the term “compliance” refer to in the respiratory system?

A

A: The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.

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3
Q

Q: What can increase resistance to airflow in the lungs?

A

A: Conditions that obstruct the air passageway.

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4
Q

Q: What is normal variation in breathing rate and depth called?

A

A: Eupnea.

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5
Q

Q: What term refers to breath holding?

A

A: Apnea.

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6
Q

Q: What term relates to painful or difficult breathing?

A

A: Dyspnea.

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7
Q

Q: What involves a rapid breathing rate?

A

A: Tachypnea.

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8
Q

Q: What type of breathing requires combinations of intercostal and extracostal muscles during exercise?

A

A: Costal breathing.

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9
Q

Q: What is the usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm?

A

A: Diaphragmatic breathing.

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10
Q

Q: What measures air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation?

A

A: Spirometer or respirometer.

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11
Q

Q: What is the sum of two or more lung volumes called?

A

A: Pulmonary lung capacities.

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12
Q

Q: What volume of respiration is the total volume of air taken in during one minute?

A

A: Minute volume of respiration.

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13
Q

Q: What law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present?

A

A: Dalton’s Law.

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14
Q

Q: According to which law, the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility?

A

A: Henry’s Law.

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15
Q

Q: What results from external respiration?

A

A: Conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.

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16
Q

Q: What factors does external respiration depend on?

A

A: Partial pressure differences, surface area for gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility, and molecular weight of gases.

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17
Q

Q: What is internal (tissue) respiration?

A

A: The exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.

18
Q

Q: How much of the available oxygen in oxygenated blood enters tissue cells at rest?

A

A: About 25%.

19
Q

Q: How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

A: 1.5% dissolved in plasma, 98.5% carried with hemoglobin inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin.

20
Q

Q: What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

A: A protein portion called globin and a pigment called heme.

21
Q

Q: How does pH affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

A: In an acid (low pH) environment, oxygen splits more readily from hemoglobin.

22
Q

Q: What increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A

A: Low blood pH (acidic conditions) and high temperature.

23
Q

Q: What is BPG and how does it affect oxygen release from hemoglobin?

A

A: BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) is formed during glycolysis and increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.

24
Q

Q: How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

A: Dissolved CO2 (7%), carbaminohemoglobin (23%), and bicarbonate ions (70%).

25
Q

Q: What maintains the ionic balance between plasma and red blood cells during CO2 transport?

A

A: The chloride shift.

26
Q

Q: What causes oxygen to split from hemoglobin in the blood?

A

A: The presence of CO2.

27
Q

Q: What causes the release of CO2 from hemoglobin?

A

A: The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

28
Q

Q: Where is the respiratory center located in the brain?

A

A: In the reticular formation of the brain stem.

29
Q

Q: What does the medullary rhythmicity area control?

A

A: The basic rhythm of respiration.

30
Q

Q: What does the pneumotaxic area in the pons help regulate?

A

A: The transition between inspiration and expiration.

31
Q

Q: What allows for conscious control of respiration?

A

A: Cortical influences.

32
Q

Q: What limits breath holding?

A

A: The overriding stimuli of increased [H+] and [CO2].

33
Q

Q: What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

A: Changes in H+ concentration or PCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid.

34
Q

Q: What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

A: Changes in H+, PCO2, and O2 levels in the blood.

35
Q

Q: What stimulates central chemoreceptors and results in hyperventilation?

A

A: A slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+).

36
Q

Q: What is the condition called when arterial PCO2 is lower than 40 mmHg?

A

A: Hypocapnea.

37
Q

Q: What happens in severe oxygen deficiency?

A

A: It depresses the activity of the central chemoreceptors and respiratory center.

38
Q

Q: What refers to oxygen deficiency at the tissue level?

A

A: Hypoxia.

39
Q

Q: How does aging affect the respiratory system?

A

A: Decreased vital capacity, decreased blood oxygen level, diminished alveolar macrophage activity, and decreased ciliary action.

40
Q

Q: What makes elderly people more susceptible to respiratory infections?

A

A: Decreased function of the respiratory system.