Respiratory8 Flashcards
Pneumoconioses Neonatal Respiratory Distress syndrome
3 forms of pneumoconioses.
Anthracosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis
Pneumoconioses increases risk of what?
Cor Pulmonale
Caplan’s syndrome
Associated with coal mines.
Anthracosis
Associated with foundries, sandblasting, and mines.
Silicosis
Associated with shipbuilding, roofing, and plumbing.
Asbestosis
What pneumoconioses affects the Lower lobes?
Asbestosis
*Anthracosis & Silicosis – Upper lobes
Which pneumoconioses have increased risk of bronchogenic carcinomas?
Silicosis & Asbestosis (also Mesothelioma)
“Eggshell” calcification of hilar lymph nodes.
Silicosis
What is pathognomonic of Asbestosis?
“Ivory white,” calcified pleural plaques
*NOT precancerous
What leads to fibrosis in Silicosis?
Macrophages respond to silica and release fibrogenic factors
*Silica may disrupt phagolysosomes and impair macrophages –> Increase TB risk
What do Asbestos bodies look like on histo?
Golden-brown fusiform rods (look like dumbells)
What finding is predictive of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
Lecithin:Sphingomyelin ration < 1.5 in amniotic fluid
Deficiency in surfactant leads to what?
INcreased surface tension
Alveolar collapse
What can Therapeutic supplemental O2 cause in neonates?
Retinopathy & Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Risk factors for Neonatal Respiratory Distress syndrome.
Prematurity Maternal Diabetes (d/t elevated fetal insulin) Cesarean delivery (Decrease release of fetal glucocorticoids)
Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Trauma Sepsis SHock Gastric aspiration Uremia Acute Pancreatitis Amniotic fluid embolism
What causes the formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane in ARDS?
Diffuse alveolar damage
INcreased alveolar capillary permeability
Protein-rich leakage into alveoli
- Initial damage d/t release:
- Neutrophilic substances toxic to alveolar wall
- Activation of coagulation cascade
- Oxygen-derived free radicals
Obstructive lung volumes ___ normal.
Restrictive lung volumes ___ normal.
Obstructive > normal
- INcreased TLC, FRC, RV
Restrictive < normal
Both obstructive and restrictive have reduced FEV1 and FVC, how do they differ?
In Obstructive – FEV1 is dramatically reduced compared to FVC
FEV1/FVC ratio is Less in Obstructive compared to Restrictive
2 types of sleep apnea.
Central Sleep Apnea
- No respiratory effort
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Respiratory effort against airway obstruction
Hypoxia –> INcreased ___ release –> INcreased _________.
Hypoxia -> EPO release -> Erythropoiesis
