Respiratory8

Question 1

3 forms of pneumoconioses.

Answer 1

Anthracosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis

Question 2

Pneumoconioses increases risk of what?

Answer 2

Cor Pulmonale

Caplan’s syndrome

Question 3

Associated with coal mines.

Answer 3

Anthracosis

Question 4

Associated with foundries, sandblasting, and mines.

Answer 4

Silicosis

Question 5

Associated with shipbuilding, roofing, and plumbing.

Answer 5

Asbestosis

Question 6

What pneumoconioses affects the Lower lobes?

Answer 6

Asbestosis

*Anthracosis & Silicosis – Upper lobes

Question 7

Which pneumoconioses have increased risk of bronchogenic carcinomas?

Answer 7

Silicosis & Asbestosis (also Mesothelioma)

Question 8

“Eggshell” calcification of hilar lymph nodes.

Answer 8

Silicosis

Question 9

What is pathognomonic of Asbestosis?

Answer 9

“Ivory white,” calcified pleural plaques

*NOT precancerous

Question 10

What leads to fibrosis in Silicosis?

Answer 10

Macrophages respond to silica and release fibrogenic factors

*Silica may disrupt phagolysosomes and impair macrophages –> Increase TB risk

Question 11

What do Asbestos bodies look like on histo?

Answer 11

Golden-brown fusiform rods (look like dumbells)

Question 12

What finding is predictive of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 12

Lecithin:Sphingomyelin ration < 1.5 in amniotic fluid

Question 13

Deficiency in surfactant leads to what?

Answer 13

INcreased surface tension

Alveolar collapse

Question 14

What can Therapeutic supplemental O2 cause in neonates?

Answer 14

Retinopathy & Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Question 15

Risk factors for Neonatal Respiratory Distress syndrome.

Answer 15

Prematurity
Maternal Diabetes (d/t elevated fetal insulin)
Cesarean delivery (Decrease release of fetal glucocorticoids)

Question 16

Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Answer 16

Trauma
Sepsis
SHock
Gastric aspiration
Uremia
Acute Pancreatitis
Amniotic fluid embolism

Question 17

What causes the formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane in ARDS?

Answer 17

Diffuse alveolar damage
INcreased alveolar capillary permeability
Protein-rich leakage into alveoli

• Initial damage d/t release:
  
  • Neutrophilic substances toxic to alveolar wall
  • Activation of coagulation cascade
  • Oxygen-derived free radicals

Question 18

Obstructive lung volumes ___ normal.

Restrictive lung volumes ___ normal.

Answer 18

Obstructive > normal
- INcreased TLC, FRC, RV

Restrictive < normal

Question 19

Both obstructive and restrictive have reduced FEV1 and FVC, how do they differ?

Answer 19

In Obstructive – FEV1 is dramatically reduced compared to FVC

FEV1/FVC ratio is Less in Obstructive compared to Restrictive

Question 20

2 types of sleep apnea.

Answer 20

Central Sleep Apnea
- No respiratory effort
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Respiratory effort against airway obstruction

Question 21

Hypoxia –> INcreased ___ release –> INcreased _________.

Answer 21

Hypoxia -> EPO release -> Erythropoiesis