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Respiratory Exam 2 > Respiratory Viruses > Flashcards

Respiratory Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

rhinovirus type of virus

A
    • ss RNA
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2
Q

importance of rhinovirus infection when young

A
  • may sensitive an individual to early onset asthma
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3
Q

do we have antivirals for RSV

A
  • not specific ones
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4
Q

do we have vaccines for RSV

A
  • no
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5
Q

do we have antivirals for measles

A
  • no
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6
Q

do we have vaccines for measles

A
  • yes
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7
Q

do you normally have a fever during a cold

what about during the flu?

A
  • rare
  • yes
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8
Q

how fast does a cold come on?

A
  • over a few days
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9
Q

how fast does the flu come on?

A
  • sudden
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10
Q

which people are most susceptible to the flu

A
  • the very old and very young
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11
Q

influenza infection often coincides with bacterial superinfection from

A
  • MRSA
  • staph aureus
  • strep pneumo
  • Group A Strep
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12
Q

how long does it take after exposure to flu to develop protective serum antibody?

A
  • about a month
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13
Q

viral infection of respiratory epithelium

A
  • destroys epithelial cells
  • damages mucous membrane
  • membranes are colonized with bacteria
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14
Q

type A influenza virus affects which group

A
  • humans and other animals
  • all age groups
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15
Q

severity of illness for type A influenza

A
  • moderate to severe illness
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16
Q

type B influenza virus affects which group

A
  • humans only
  • primarily children
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17
Q

importance of type C influenza virus

A
  • no neuraminidase activity
  • HA contains esterase activity instead
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18
Q

role of hemagglutinin

A
  • binds the virus to cells with sialic acid on the membrane
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19
Q

role of neuraminidase

A
  • cleaves sialic acid
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20
Q

which type of influenza virus is zoonotic

A
  • type A
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21
Q

what is the process that involves gradual adaptation of zoonotic viruses that allow human infection and transmission

A
  • antigenic drift
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22
Q

what is the process that involves reassortment of the SEGMENTED GENOME that potentially allows swapping of genes between different virus types

A
  • antigenic shift
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23
Q

how does antigenic drift work

A
  • accumulation of point mutations results in amino acid substitutions
  • differences in antigenic sites where host antibody binds to HA and NA glycoproteins
  • prevent binding of antibodies induced by previous infection
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24
Q

how does an antigenic shift work

A
  • HA/NA switch to new chimeric status
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25
Q

antigenic shift only occurs for which type of influenza virus

A
  • type A
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26
Q

MOA of amantidine and rimantadine

A
  • M2 ion channel inhibitors that block endosomal release of disassembling virus
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27
Q

which type of influenza virus possesses M2 channels

A
  • type A only
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28
Q

MOA of zanamivir, oseltamivir, and permavir

A
  • neuraminidase inhibitors
29
Q

how neuraminidase inhibitors work

A
  • interfere with ability of neuraminidase to cleave sialic acid
  • stops virus from budding
30
Q

how influenza virus uses cap snatching

A
  • flu virus makes its own mRNA
  • steals 5’ cap from host
  • propagates own life cycle and inhibits host mRNA
31
Q

role of Xoflusa

A
  • inhibits flu cap snatching
32
Q

the most variable antigen on the influenza virus is what?

A
  • HA
33
Q

what is a good target for a universal influenza vaccine

A
  • the stem of HA
34
Q

structure of paramyxovirus

A
  • enveloped, nonsegmented, negative sense RNA
35
Q

what is the life of immunity to RSV

A
  • only 2-3 months
36
Q

who is at the greatest risk of hospitalization as a result of RSV infection

A
  • young infants < 1 month
37
Q

pathogenesis of RSV

A
  • mucus congests small airways of bronchioles
  • clogged also by inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils)
38
Q

structure of flu

A
  • enveloped virus with negative sense segmented genome
39
Q

antiviral treatment for RSV

A
  • ribavirin (nonspecific)
40
Q

can the measles virus be transmitted from the host prior to the onset of rash

A
  • yes
41
Q

measles pathogenesis

A
  • inhaled
  • gets into lung
  • disseminates out of lung and into lymph and becomes systemic
42
Q

characteristic symptom of measles even before rash comes on

A
  • Koplik’s spots - white on mucosa of the oral cavity
43
Q

main target of measles

A
  • alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells
    THEN
  • T and B cells
44
Q

complications of measles

A
  • pneumonia
  • immunosuppression with increased susceptibility to other infections
  • complications from CNS infection
45
Q

Coronavirus structure

A

enveloped
+ ssRNA (non-segmented)

RNA packaged in coiled structure composed of nucleocapsid (N) proteins

46
Q

receptor for SARS-CoV-2

A

ACE2

47
Q

ACE2 receptor expressed where

A

by epithelial cells in the oral cavity and lung (intestine, kidneys and blood vessels)

48
Q

Comorbidities among patients at risk for serious Covid-19

A

HTN and diabetes

both conditions treated with ACE inhibitors; leads to increased ACE2 expression –> may promote viral infection

49
Q

Differences between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A

A

SARS-CoV-2: occasional mutations (better proofreading RdRP) lead to sporadic epidemics

w/o segment, no potential for shift mediated by reassortment

Influenza: continuous drift (small-scale mutations due to error-prone RdRp)

shift (large changes in viral HA and NA due to reassortment of viral RNA segments)

50
Q

viruses that infect the HUMAN respiratory tract

A

Influenza A/B
RSV
SARS-CoV-2

51
Q

Which virus can lead to SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)

A

Measles Virus

52
Q

For RSV, Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 name the:

time of year of infection

antivirals

vaccines

reservoir

A

RSV: annual/seasonal, no specific antivirals, no licensed vaccines, humans only

Influenza: annual/seasonal, specific antivirals, vaccines available, zoonotic

SARS-CoV-2: current pandemic, no specific antivirals, vaccines available, zoonotic

53
Q

RSV is in the same family as which virus?

A

Measles

54
Q

RSV infection in what demographic?

A

most frequent cause of lower airway disease in infants

increasingly associated wth disease in elderly and immunocompromised

55
Q

RSV and children

A

nearly 100% children infected by 2-3 years of age

symptomatic

leads to bronchiolitis!!

56
Q

RSV bronchiolitis

A

mucus and inflammatory material occlude small airways in infants and young children

57
Q

Treatment for RSV

A

non-specific antiviral (ribavirin)

anti-RSV antibody

58
Q

RSV structure for attachment and entry

A

viral factors: glycoprotein G, fusion protein F

host receptors: TLR4, ciliated cell receptors

59
Q

most common causes of bacterial superinfection

A

staph. aureus and strep. pneumo

60
Q

Pulmonary and Non-pulmonary complications w/ Influenza

A

Pulmonary → primary influenza viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, Croup, exacerbates lung disease

Non-pulmonary → Toxic shock syndrome (S. aureus superinfection), Guillain-Barré syndrome

61
Q

Influenza type C

A

uncommon, no epidemic potential

62
Q

prevents binding of antibodies

A

antigenic drift

63
Q

differences in key antigenic sites in HA and NA glycoproteins

A

antigenic drift

64
Q

accumulation of point mutations results in amino acid substitutions

A

antigenic drift

65
Q

reassortment of viral segments in Type A viruses

A

antigenic shift

66
Q

may occur in animals or humans

A

antigenic shift

67
Q

may result in new H/NN combinations

A

antigenic shift

68
Q

Responsible for pandemics every 10-40 years

A

antigenic shift

Respiratory Exam 2 (18 decks)

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