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Respiratory Exam 2 > Extracellular Bacteria > Flashcards

Extracellular Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what are the extracellular bacteria that cause pneumonia

are they obligate or facultative?

how are they spread?

A
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • bordatella pertussis
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • mycoplasma pneumonia
  • all obligate human pathogens
  • all spread person-to-person
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2
Q

gram stain of haemophilus influenzae

shape

A
  • gram negative

- coccobacillus

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3
Q

gram stain of bordetella pertussis

shape

A
  • gram negative

- coccobacillus

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4
Q

gram stain of streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • gram positive
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5
Q

gram stain of mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • no gram stain
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6
Q

how do specific antibodies combat extracellular pathogens in the respiratory tract

A
  • may block bacterial adherence

- neutralize secreted toxins

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7
Q

how do antibiotics combat extracellular pathogens in the respiratory tract

A
  • reach site of infection

- do not need to penetrate host cells

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8
Q

what does the media of haemophilus influenza require for its growth

A
  • hemin
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9
Q

haemophilus influenza found where in the human body

A
  • human respiratory tract
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10
Q

haemophilus influenza spread by

A
  • respiratory droplets
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11
Q

diseases caused by haemophilus influenza

which is the most common

A
  • meningitis

- otitis media (most common)

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12
Q

what kind of vaccine contains haemophilus influenza

A
  • conjugate vaccine
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13
Q

haemophilus influenza meningitis caused by which strains

A
  • type b strains
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14
Q

haemophilus influenza epiglottitis caused by which strains

A
  • type b strains
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15
Q

haemophilus influenza otitis media caused by which strains

A
  • nonencapsulated

- nontypeable

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16
Q

virulence factors of haemophilus influenza

A
  • pili for attachment to respiratory epithelium
  • LOS
  • type B PRP capsule
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17
Q

what antibody is protective against haemophilus influenza infection?

significance of this

A
  • anti-PRP antibody

- T cell independent which is not present early in life

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18
Q

what molecule do we attach the HiB polysaccharide to

A
  • tetanus toxoid
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19
Q

bordetella pertussis oxygen requirements

A
  • obligate aerobe
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20
Q

habitat of bordetella pertussis

A
  • human respiratory tract
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21
Q

transmission of bordetella pertussis

A
  • respiratory droplets
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22
Q

toxoid vaccine

A
  • chemically modified toxin

- not toxic but antigenic

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23
Q

examples of toxoid vaccines

A
  • DTP (diphtheria and tetanus component)
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24
Q

whole cell vaccine

A
  • organism inactivated but intact
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25
Q

whole cell vaccine example

A
  • pertussis component of DTP
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26
Q

acellular vaccine

A
  • individual antigens
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27
Q

example of acellular vaccines

A
  • pertussis antigen in DTaP and Tdap
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28
Q

immune responses to infection, whole cell, and acellular vaccines may _______

A
  • differ
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29
Q

incubation period of pertussis

A
  • 7-14 days
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30
Q

length of time of catarrhal phase of bordetella pertussis

A
  • 7 days
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31
Q

symptoms of catarrhal phase of bordetella pertussis

A
  • cold-like symptoms
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32
Q

bordetella pertussis most easily isolated from

A
  • catarrhal phase

- upper respiratory tract

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33
Q

paroxysmal phase length of bordetella pertussis

A
  • 1-4 weeks or longer
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34
Q

symptoms of paroxysmal phase of bordetella pertussis

A
  • coughing followed by inspiratory gasp (whoop)

- leukocytosis

35
Q

complications of paroxysmal phase of bordetella pertussis

A
  • pneumonia
  • seizures
  • apnea
  • encephalopathy
36
Q

symptoms of convalescent phase of bordetella pertussis

A
  • less frequent paroxysms
37
Q

pathogenesis of bordetella pertussis

A
  • evade mucociliary clearance

- evade phagocytic cells

38
Q

attachment factors of bordetella pertussis

which is the major adhesin

A
  • fimbriae (secondary adhesin)
  • pertactin
  • FHA (major adhesion)
39
Q

tracheal cytotoxin in bordetella pertussis structure

A
  • cell wall fragment
40
Q

role of tracheal cytotoxin in bordetella pertussis

A
  • kills ciliated cells
41
Q

role of pertussis toxin in bordetella pertussis

A
  • early inhibition of influx of phagocytic cells
42
Q

role of adenylate cyclase toxin in bordetella pertussis

A
  • inhibition of phagocytosis and killing
43
Q

importance of pertussis vaccine

A
  • protects against disease

- but not against colonization or transmission

44
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae cause what disease

A
  • acute pneumonia with short incubation
45
Q

characteristic symptom of streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • rusty (blood tinged) sputum
46
Q

leading cause of community acquired pneumonia

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
47
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia where in the lung

A
  • lobar pneumonia
48
Q

disease of streptococcus pneumoniae mostly impacts which people

A
  • children under 2 years
  • adults over 65
  • immunocompromised
49
Q

big virulence factor of streptococcus pneumoniae

50
Q

treatment of streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • broad spectrum cephalosporin (3rd gen)

- vancomycin

51
Q

vaccines for streptococcus pneumoniae

which is the conjugate vaccine? what is is conjugated to?

A
  • pneumovax 23 for adults >65
  • Prevnar 13 for children under 2
  • Prevnar 13.
  • capsular antigen conjugated to diphtheria toxin
52
Q

disease caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • chronic pneumonia with long incubation period
53
Q

spread of mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • person-person through respiratory droplets
54
Q

structure of mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • no cell wall!
55
Q

requirements for survival of mycoplasma species

A
  • must associate with a eukaryotic host

- requires close association to host cells to proliferate

56
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenesis - things required for disease

A
  • attachment to respiratory epithelial cells
57
Q

attachment to respiratory epithelial cells in the host by mycoplasma pneumoniae is mediated by

this is subject to

A
  • mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment organelle

- subject to antigenic variation

58
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae toxins

A
  • no known cytotoxins

- but secrete H2O2

59
Q

nonpathogenic mycoplasma associated with

A
  • human naso- and oropharynx
60
Q

mycoplasma causes pneumonia where in the lung?

A
  • bronchopneumonia

- affects patches around the bronchioles

61
Q

Which extracellular bacteria is opportunistic

A

pseudomonas

62
Q

Which extracellular pathogens are coccobacillus

A

H. influenzae

B. pertussis

63
Q

What antibody is protective against H. influenzae

64
Q

Which extracellular bacteria is an obligate aerobe

A

Bordetella pertussis

65
Q

Phases of B. pertussis

A

Incubation period: 7-14 days

Catarrhal phase: 7 days

Paroxysmal phase: 1-4 weeks

Convalescent phase: several weeks

66
Q

Catarrhal phase

A

mild, cold-like symptoms

67
Q

phase when B. pertussis is most easily isolated from URT?

A

catarrhal phase

68
Q

Paroxysmal phase

A

severe, forceful, spasmodic coughing

leukocytosis

69
Q

difficult to detect B. pertussis in which phase?

A

paroxysmal phase

70
Q

Complications of B. pertussis in paroxysmal phase

A

pneumonia, seizures, apnea, encephalopathy

71
Q

Virulence factors of B. pertussis

A

(1) Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT)
(2) Pertussis toxin
(3) Adenylate cyclase toxin

72
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

exotoxin

levels correlate with severity of disease in children

results in leukocytosis (late catarrhal and paroxysmal phases)

RARE in adults, especially those vaccinated.

73
Q

Acellular and Whole vaccine for pertussis

A

both vaccines prevent leukocytosis, but neither prevent colonization

74
Q

Problem pathogen in CF patients

A

pseudomonas (G- rod)

75
Q

pseudomonas and antibiotics

A

highly antibiotic resistant

76
Q

s. pneumo capsle serotypes

A

> 80 capsular serotypes

77
Q

treatment for s. pneumo in adults and children

A

adults –> pneumovax 23

children –> prevnar 13

78
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia causes ___________ pneumonia

A

chronic (atypical)

can persist for weeks: walking pneumonia

79
Q

Mycoplasma species must do what to survive?

A

associate with eukaryotic host

require close association with. host cells to proliferate

80
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae and toxins

A

no known toxins

but do secrete H2O2

81
Q

increase in cold aggluttinins (IgM antibodies agglutinating RBCs at 4º) seen in

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae (but NOT legionella)

82
Q

Mycoplasma is resistant to

A

azithromycin (macrolide) in many parts of world (Asia)

83
Q

Vaccine for mycoplasma

A

no vaccine

Respiratory Exam 2 (18 decks)

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