Respiratory system - week 5 Flashcards
what is included in the upper respiratory tract? (4 things)
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx
when above which structure is th larynx included in the upper respiratory tract?
vocal folds
when below which structure is the larynx included in the lower respiratory tract?
vocal folds
which structures are included in the lower respiratory tract? (5)
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
what is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?
conditions inspired air before it reaches lungs, warms/ humidifies/ filters it
particles above…… micrometres are filtered out of the upper respiratory tract before the reach the lungs
10 um
what is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?
gas exchange, with further removal of particles
which part of the brain controls breathing?
medulla oblongata
what is the appearance of the lungs in living, healthy people?
pink, light, soft and spongy
at which vertebral levels do the apex and the most inferior parts of the lungs sit?
T1, T12
name the 3 surfaces of the lungs
costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal
which surface of the lungs contains the hilum?
mediastinal
in which lung, left or right, is the anterior border less straight due to the cardiac notch?
left
the right lung has how many lobes and how many fissures? name the fissures
3 lobes
2 fissures: horizontal and oblique
the left lung has how many lobes and how many fissures? name fissures
2 lobes
1 fissure: oblique
name the lobes of the right lung
superior, middle and inferior
on the right lung which 2 lobes does the oblique fissure separate?
middle, inferior
on the right lung, which 2 lobes does the horizontal fissure separate?
superior and middle
name the 2 lobes of left lung and the fissure separating them
superior and inferior separated by oblique fissure
the hilum of the lung contains how many major openings? what goes in/out of each major opening?
4
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
1 main bronchus
which lung has a lingula?
left
at which structure of the lung does the visceral pleura reflect to become the parietal?
hilum
when looking at the hilum laterally, which vessel enters most superiorly, which most inferiorly and which most posteriorly?
sup = pulmonary artery
inf = pulmonary veins
post = bronchus
the oblique fissure of the lung follows which 2 ribs, posteriorly and then laterally/anteriorly respectively?
4 post and 6 lat/ant
the horizontal fissure of the lung follows the contour of which rib?
4
which pleura of the lungs lines the pulmonary cavity and adheres to the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm?
parietal
which pleura of the lungs covers the lungs themselves and is adherent to the fissures?
visceral
the space between the 2 pleura of the lungs is called the?
pleural cavity (potential space in illness/injury)
how does the pleura allow smooth lung movement as they expand/collapse and give surface tension which keeps lung in contact with thoracic wall?
pleura is serous so secretes serous fluid into pleural cavity
which region of the parietal pleura extends through the superior thoracic aperture, forming the dome of the pleura?
cervical
which region of the parietal pleura covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall?
costal region
what are the 3 borders of the lungs?
anterior, posterior, inferior
as well as the PA, PVs and bronchi, what also enters the hilum of the lung?
autonomic nerves, lymphatics
the cardiac notch indents the anteroinferior aspect of the ….. lobe of the left lung
superior
define recess in terms of parietal pleura? what do recesses allow for?
where 2 regions of parietal pleura are opposed. allow for lungs to expand into these spaces during forced inspiration
which pleural recess is deepest after forced EXPIRATION and shallowest after forced inspiration?
costodiaphragmatic recess
name the 2 pleural recesses
costomediastinal and costodiaphragmatic
a collapsed lung is a result of which 2 things happening in the lungs?
air/fluid entering pleural cavity
surface tension adhering parietal and visceral pleura is broken
a puncture/stab wound would cause…… to rush into the pleural cavity. this is called a ……..
air, pneumothorax
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is called a ?
hydrothrorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity is called a ? how is this treated?
haemothorax, chest drain
the bones of the thorax are made up by which 3 things?
sternum, 12 pairs of ribs (+costal cartilages) and 12 thoracic vertebra
which 3 parts make up the sternum?
manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process
the end of the rib which articulates with the vertebra posteriorly is called the?
head of the rib
which ribs are true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs?
1-7 true
8-12 false
11&12 floating
true or false, true ribs articulate directly with the sternum anteriorly via short costal cartilages, each true rib having its own cartilage?
true
true or false, false ribs articulate indirectly with the sternum anteriorly, via long, shared costal cartilages, or do not articulate with the sternum at all.
true
true or false, floating ribs articulate with the sternum anteriorly, and are longer and smother than the other ribs.
false, they do NOT articulate with the sternum anteriorly, and are SHORTER and POINTIER than the other ribs
describe the shape of the diaphragm, which 2 nerves innervate it and what their spinal nerve origins are
thin and dome-shaped, right and left phrenic, C3 C4 C5 (KEEP THE DIAPHRAGM ALIVE)
while at rest what is the highest level of the diaphragm and the lowest
T9, T12
which 3 major structures travel through the diaphragm
aorta, inferior vena cava, oesophagus
which arteries supply the diaphragm?
intercostal
how many sets each are there of external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
11 each
at which border of each rib does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie? what is in the bundle?
lower border, nerve, artery, vein
describe the direction in which the external intercostals run. contraction of the external intercostals pulls them ….. and …….
obliquely anteroinferiorly (diagonally forward and down, up and out
describe the direction in which the internal intercostals run. contraction of the internal intercostals pulls them ….. and …….
obliquely posteroinferiorly (diagonally back and down), down and in
the innermost intercostals run in the same direction as which other type of intercostal muscle?
internal
name 3 accessory muscles of respiration which aid through their attachment to the ribs in forced expiration to expand the thoracic cavity
sternocleidomastoid, pec minor and scalenes
which muscle of respiration is involved in each of these catgeories: (draw the table)
quiet breathing, inspiration
quiet breathing, expiration
forced breathing, inspiration
forced breathing, expiration
diaphragm
passive
accessory muscles+external intercostals
internal intercostals+abdominals
during breathing which 2 planes do the ribs move in? which 2 things can these be likened to the motion of?
forwards and backwards (anteroposterior and laterally), pump handle and bucket handle
what are the 2 trees in the respiratory system
vascular and airway tree
what is pulmonary oedema the build up of in the lungs? in which location does it occur? what does it increase? what can it lead to?
fluid, interstitial space, increases diffusion distances for gases between blood and alveoli, hypoxia
which type of cartilage is in the rings around the trachea?
hyaline
at which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the trachea occurr? which 3 other important landmarks are at this level?
T4, sternal angle, aortic arch, 2nd rib meets sternum
which bronchus is wider and shorter, running more vertically?
right
how many more times can primary bronchi divide again? the first …. generations of airway (trachea +….. branches) form the conducting zone of the lower respiratory system
11 more, 17 generations, 16 branches
at which division of the airways can bronchioles be found? what forms the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system?
12th, respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
at which division can alveoli be found?
24
define a lung lobule
a cluster of alveoli supplied by a single respiratory bronchiole, surrounded by the connective tissue of the lung
which two diseases are combined to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
what happens to alveoli in emphysema?
lose their natural elasticity so lungs can’t expel all air
the asthma theory states that there are both ……. and …….. (original antigen and irritants)
inducers and triggers
give 2 examples of bronchodilators used together for asthma attacks
salbutomol and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)
at which vertebral levels are the aortic hiatus and the oesophageal hiatus?
T12 and T10
name the shape of the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar
which 2 other components does the upper respiratory tract have apart from epithelial cells making it known as respiratory type epithelium?
cilia and goblet cells
which type of epithelium lines the bronchioles? are there many goblet cells?
simple ciliated columnar, goblet cells sparse
what is the shape of epithelium of the most proximal components of the respiratory bronchioles? what shape is the epithelium of the alveolar ducts?
cuboidal ciliated, flattened
what is the main component of the alveolar walls which allows lungs to stretch to accommodate inspired air?
elastin
what is the function of type 1 pneumocytes? what shape are they? which type of junction join them?
allow gaseous diffusion, flat and thin, tight junction
which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant and make up 60% of the number of alveolar cells?
type 2
what is the shape of type 2 pneumocytes and what do they contain many of inside?
round, mitochondria
what is the function of surfactant?
acts as a detergent, reducing alveolar surface tension preventing their collapse during expiration
can alveolar macrophages pass between the walls of the alveoli? can they pass into lymphatics after phagocytosing debris?
yes and yes
how are alveolar macrophages cleared from the trachea?
coughing
