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CMB2007 - Human Anatomy > Respiratory system - week 5 > Flashcards

Respiratory system - week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract? (4 things)

A

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

when above which structure is th larynx included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

vocal folds

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3
Q

when below which structure is the larynx included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

vocal folds

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4
Q

which structures are included in the lower respiratory tract? (5)

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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5
Q

what is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?

A

conditions inspired air before it reaches lungs, warms/ humidifies/ filters it

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6
Q

particles above…… micrometres are filtered out of the upper respiratory tract before the reach the lungs

A

10 um

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7
Q

what is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?

A

gas exchange, with further removal of particles

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8
Q

which part of the brain controls breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

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9
Q

what is the appearance of the lungs in living, healthy people?

A

pink, light, soft and spongy

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10
Q

at which vertebral levels do the apex and the most inferior parts of the lungs sit?

A

T1, T12

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11
Q

name the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A

costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal

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12
Q

which surface of the lungs contains the hilum?

A

mediastinal

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13
Q

in which lung, left or right, is the anterior border less straight due to the cardiac notch?

A

left

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14
Q

the right lung has how many lobes and how many fissures? name the fissures

A

3 lobes
2 fissures: horizontal and oblique

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15
Q

the left lung has how many lobes and how many fissures? name fissures

A

2 lobes
1 fissure: oblique

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16
Q

name the lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle and inferior

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17
Q

on the right lung which 2 lobes does the oblique fissure separate?

A

middle, inferior

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18
Q

on the right lung, which 2 lobes does the horizontal fissure separate?

A

superior and middle

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19
Q

name the 2 lobes of left lung and the fissure separating them

A

superior and inferior separated by oblique fissure

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20
Q

the hilum of the lung contains how many major openings? what goes in/out of each major opening?

A

4

1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
1 main bronchus

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21
Q

which lung has a lingula?

A

left

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22
Q

at which structure of the lung does the visceral pleura reflect to become the parietal?

A

hilum

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23
Q

when looking at the hilum laterally, which vessel enters most superiorly, which most inferiorly and which most posteriorly?

A

sup = pulmonary artery
inf = pulmonary veins
post = bronchus

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24
Q

the oblique fissure of the lung follows which 2 ribs, posteriorly and then laterally/anteriorly respectively?

A

4 post and 6 lat/ant

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25
Q

the horizontal fissure of the lung follows the contour of which rib?

A

4

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26
Q

which pleura of the lungs lines the pulmonary cavity and adheres to the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm?

A

parietal

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27
Q

which pleura of the lungs covers the lungs themselves and is adherent to the fissures?

A

visceral

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28
Q

the space between the 2 pleura of the lungs is called the?

A

pleural cavity (potential space in illness/injury)

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29
Q

how does the pleura allow smooth lung movement as they expand/collapse and give surface tension which keeps lung in contact with thoracic wall?

A

pleura is serous so secretes serous fluid into pleural cavity

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30
Q

which region of the parietal pleura extends through the superior thoracic aperture, forming the dome of the pleura?

A

cervical

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31
Q

which region of the parietal pleura covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall?

A

costal region

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32
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

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33
Q

as well as the PA, PVs and bronchi, what also enters the hilum of the lung?

A

autonomic nerves, lymphatics

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34
Q

the cardiac notch indents the anteroinferior aspect of the ….. lobe of the left lung

A

superior

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35
Q

define recess in terms of parietal pleura? what do recesses allow for?

A

where 2 regions of parietal pleura are opposed. allow for lungs to expand into these spaces during forced inspiration

36
Q

which pleural recess is deepest after forced EXPIRATION and shallowest after forced inspiration?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

37
Q

name the 2 pleural recesses

A

costomediastinal and costodiaphragmatic

38
Q

a collapsed lung is a result of which 2 things happening in the lungs?

A

air/fluid entering pleural cavity

surface tension adhering parietal and visceral pleura is broken

39
Q

a puncture/stab wound would cause…… to rush into the pleural cavity. this is called a ……..

A

air, pneumothorax

40
Q

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is called a ?

A

hydrothrorax

41
Q

accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity is called a ? how is this treated?

A

haemothorax, chest drain

42
Q

the bones of the thorax are made up by which 3 things?

A

sternum, 12 pairs of ribs (+costal cartilages) and 12 thoracic vertebra

43
Q

which 3 parts make up the sternum?

A

manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

44
Q

the end of the rib which articulates with the vertebra posteriorly is called the?

A

head of the rib

45
Q

which ribs are true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs?

A

1-7 true
8-12 false
11&12 floating

46
Q

true or false, true ribs articulate directly with the sternum anteriorly via short costal cartilages, each true rib having its own cartilage?

A

true

47
Q

true or false, false ribs articulate indirectly with the sternum anteriorly, via long, shared costal cartilages, or do not articulate with the sternum at all.

A

true

48
Q

true or false, floating ribs articulate with the sternum anteriorly, and are longer and smother than the other ribs.

A

false, they do NOT articulate with the sternum anteriorly, and are SHORTER and POINTIER than the other ribs

49
Q

describe the shape of the diaphragm, which 2 nerves innervate it and what their spinal nerve origins are

A

thin and dome-shaped, right and left phrenic, C3 C4 C5 (KEEP THE DIAPHRAGM ALIVE)

50
Q

while at rest what is the highest level of the diaphragm and the lowest

A

T9, T12

51
Q

which 3 major structures travel through the diaphragm

A

aorta, inferior vena cava, oesophagus

52
Q

which arteries supply the diaphragm?

A

intercostal

53
Q

how many sets each are there of external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

11 each

54
Q

at which border of each rib does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie? what is in the bundle?

A

lower border, nerve, artery, vein

55
Q

describe the direction in which the external intercostals run. contraction of the external intercostals pulls them ….. and …….

A

obliquely anteroinferiorly (diagonally forward and down, up and out

56
Q

describe the direction in which the internal intercostals run. contraction of the internal intercostals pulls them ….. and …….

A

obliquely posteroinferiorly (diagonally back and down), down and in

57
Q

the innermost intercostals run in the same direction as which other type of intercostal muscle?

A

internal

58
Q

name 3 accessory muscles of respiration which aid through their attachment to the ribs in forced expiration to expand the thoracic cavity

A

sternocleidomastoid, pec minor and scalenes

59
Q

which muscle of respiration is involved in each of these catgeories: (draw the table)
quiet breathing, inspiration
quiet breathing, expiration
forced breathing, inspiration
forced breathing, expiration

A

diaphragm
passive
accessory muscles+external intercostals
internal intercostals+abdominals

60
Q

during breathing which 2 planes do the ribs move in? which 2 things can these be likened to the motion of?

A

forwards and backwards (anteroposterior and laterally), pump handle and bucket handle

61
Q

what are the 2 trees in the respiratory system

A

vascular and airway tree

62
Q

what is pulmonary oedema the build up of in the lungs? in which location does it occur? what does it increase? what can it lead to?

A

fluid, interstitial space, increases diffusion distances for gases between blood and alveoli, hypoxia

63
Q

which type of cartilage is in the rings around the trachea?

A

hyaline

64
Q

at which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the trachea occurr? which 3 other important landmarks are at this level?

A

T4, sternal angle, aortic arch, 2nd rib meets sternum

65
Q

which bronchus is wider and shorter, running more vertically?

A

right

66
Q

how many more times can primary bronchi divide again? the first …. generations of airway (trachea +….. branches) form the conducting zone of the lower respiratory system

A

11 more, 17 generations, 16 branches

67
Q

at which division of the airways can bronchioles be found? what forms the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system?

A

12th, respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

68
Q

at which division can alveoli be found?

A

24

69
Q

define a lung lobule

A

a cluster of alveoli supplied by a single respiratory bronchiole, surrounded by the connective tissue of the lung

70
Q

which two diseases are combined to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

71
Q

what happens to alveoli in emphysema?

A

lose their natural elasticity so lungs can’t expel all air

72
Q

the asthma theory states that there are both ……. and …….. (original antigen and irritants)

A

inducers and triggers

73
Q

give 2 examples of bronchodilators used together for asthma attacks

A

salbutomol and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)

74
Q

at which vertebral levels are the aortic hiatus and the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T12 and T10

75
Q

name the shape of the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified columnar

76
Q

which 2 other components does the upper respiratory tract have apart from epithelial cells making it known as respiratory type epithelium?

A

cilia and goblet cells

77
Q

which type of epithelium lines the bronchioles? are there many goblet cells?

A

simple ciliated columnar, goblet cells sparse

78
Q

what is the shape of epithelium of the most proximal components of the respiratory bronchioles? what shape is the epithelium of the alveolar ducts?

A

cuboidal ciliated, flattened

79
Q

what is the main component of the alveolar walls which allows lungs to stretch to accommodate inspired air?

A

elastin

80
Q

what is the function of type 1 pneumocytes? what shape are they? which type of junction join them?

A

allow gaseous diffusion, flat and thin, tight junction

81
Q

which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant and make up 60% of the number of alveolar cells?

A

type 2

82
Q

what is the shape of type 2 pneumocytes and what do they contain many of inside?

A

round, mitochondria

83
Q

what is the function of surfactant?

A

acts as a detergent, reducing alveolar surface tension preventing their collapse during expiration

84
Q

can alveolar macrophages pass between the walls of the alveoli? can they pass into lymphatics after phagocytosing debris?

A

yes and yes

85
Q

how are alveolar macrophages cleared from the trachea?

A

coughing

CMB2007 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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