Nervous system (PNS) - week 2 Flashcards
where do autonomic neurons arise from (2 locations)?
brain and spinal cord
true or false, the ganglia of the autonomic neurons are outside the spinal cord?
true, they are outside
the cell bodies of ………. autonomic neurons are present in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, connecting to a …………. ganglion chain
sympathetic
paravertebral
where do PARAsympathetic cell bodies arise from? 2 locations
cranial nerves
lumbosacral spinal cord
is pupil constriction a sympathetic or parasympathetic controlled action?
parasympathetic
increased gut motility is para or sympathetic?
parasympathetic
which cell body is this describing: short first axon, long second? (symp/parasymp)
sympathetic
which cell body is this describing: long first axon, short second? (symp/parasymp)
parasympathetic
what do sensory afferent nerves of the somatic nervous system detect?
pain, temp, touch , space
what are somatic efferent nerves motor to?
effector skeletal muscles
describe the pathway of somatic efferent nerves in the somatic nervous system (3 steps, hint: gyrus of brain, tract in cord and junction of axons)
pre-central gyrus, corticospinal tract, NMJ
true or false, somatic neurons synapse once they have left the CNS?
false, they do not - they synapse with somatic neurons in spinal cord and do not synapse again - contact target organ directly
where/what do somatic neurons initially synapse with in the CNS?
somatic neurons in spinal cord
how many somatic neurons are needed to form a connection between CNS and target organ?
1
do spinal nerves leave the spinal cord above or below each vertebra?
in which area of the spine is there an exception to this rule?
below
in cervical region, they leave above vertebra
which vertebra has a spinal nerve root above AND below it?
lucky C7
how many spinal nerve roots are there in total?
where does the one extra (not expected) come from - which bone structure?
31 - one extra from coccyx
at each vertebral level, what are the names of the two roots emerging?
what is the function of each?
dorsal (posterior = sensory
verntral (anterior) = motor
which root of the spinal nerve (dorsal or ventral) is located closest to the spinous process of the vertebra (posterior)?
dorsal root
dorsal = posterior
the spinal nerves are a combination of which two roots?
dorsal and ventral
between which vertebrae is the lumbar plexus?
T12/L1-L5
cranial nerve 1
function?
olfactory - information about smell
cranial nerve 2
function?
optic - vision
cranial nerve 3
2 functions?
oculomotor = eye movements (somatic), pupil constriction (autonomic)
cranial nerve 4
function?
trochlear = moves one eye muscle
cranial nerve 5
2 functions?
trigeminal = senses touch from surface of face (somatic), muscles of mastication (autonomic)
cranial nerve 6
function?
abducent = moves one eye muscle
cranial nerve 7
2 functions?
facial = taste from anterior tongue (somatic), all salivary glands except parotid (autonomic)
cranial nerve 8
function?
vestibulocochlear = hearing and balance
cranial nerve 9
3 functions?
glossopharyngeal = taste from posterior tongue and swallowing (somatic), parotid (autonomic)
cranial nerve 10
2 functions?
vagus = pharynx, larynx and palate muscles (somatic), innervates trachea, bronchi, GI, cardiac (autonomic)
which is the only cranial nerve which extends from head and neck?
10 - vagus nerve
cranial nerve 11
function?
accessory = motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in neck
cranial nerve 12
function?
hypoglossal = motor to tongue muscles
which 4 cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions? name the nerves
5 = trigeminal
7 = facial
9 = glossopharyngeal
10 = vagus
which cranial nerves have only sensory divisions/functions? name them
1 - olfactory
2 - optic
8 - vestibulocochlear
(5, 7, 9, 10 have sensory and motor)
which cranial nerves have only motor divisions/functions? name them
3 - oculomotor
4 - trochlear
6 - abducent
11 - accessory
12 - hypoglossal
(5, 7, 9, 10 have sensory and motor)
Bell’s palsy involves a palsy of which cranial nerve? what are some symptoms?
7 - facial
loss of motor innervation to facial muscles = face sagging
name one causative agent of Bell’s palsy
herpes simplex virus
which structure (on neurone) is attacked in those with Guillan-Barre syndrome?
are peripheral or central nerves affected?
the myelin sheath
peripheral nerves - hands and feet - longest neurons
name two effects of Guillan-Barre syndrome?
tingling and muscle weakness in hands and feet
in Guillan-Barre syndrome does the paralysis ascend up the arms and legs?
yes (‘gloves and stockings’)
in some cases the demyelination of which nerve in those with Guillan-Barre syndrome can cause respiratory failure, requiring ventilation? what does this nerve innervate?
phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)
Select the answer that best describes the constiuents of the spinal cord:
1) Dendrites which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord
2) Neurons which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord
3) Dorsal nerve roots which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord
4) Myoblasts which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord
2)
what is the term for an area of skin supplied by sensory afferents from one spinal nerve?
dermatome
a myotome is a group of ……. supplied by motor……… and …… afferents from one ……….. nerve
muscles
efferents
sensory
spinal
ventral roots contain ………. nerves that carry information away from spinal cord
efferent nerves
name the 5 special senses (provided by cranial nerves)
taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance
