Nervous system (PNS) - week 2

Question 1

where do autonomic neurons arise from (2 locations)?

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

true or false, the ganglia of the autonomic neurons are outside the spinal cord?

Answer 2

true, they are outside

Question 3

the cell bodies of ………. autonomic neurons are present in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, connecting to a …………. ganglion chain

Answer 3

sympathetic

paravertebral

Question 4

where do PARAsympathetic cell bodies arise from? 2 locations

Answer 4

cranial nerves

lumbosacral spinal cord

Question 5

is pupil constriction a sympathetic or parasympathetic controlled action?

Answer 5

parasympathetic

Question 6

increased gut motility is para or sympathetic?

Answer 6

parasympathetic

Question 7

which cell body is this describing: short first axon, long second? (symp/parasymp)

Answer 7

sympathetic

Question 8

which cell body is this describing: long first axon, short second? (symp/parasymp)

Answer 8

parasympathetic

Question 9

what do sensory afferent nerves of the somatic nervous system detect?

Answer 9

pain, temp, touch , space

Question 10

what are somatic efferent nerves motor to?

Answer 10

effector skeletal muscles

Question 11

describe the pathway of somatic efferent nerves in the somatic nervous system (3 steps, hint: gyrus of brain, tract in cord and junction of axons)

Answer 11

pre-central gyrus, corticospinal tract, NMJ

Question 12

true or false, somatic neurons synapse once they have left the CNS?

Answer 12

false, they do not - they synapse with somatic neurons in spinal cord and do not synapse again - contact target organ directly

Question 13

where/what do somatic neurons initially synapse with in the CNS?

Answer 13

somatic neurons in spinal cord

Question 14

how many somatic neurons are needed to form a connection between CNS and target organ?

Answer 14

1

Question 15

do spinal nerves leave the spinal cord above or below each vertebra?

in which area of the spine is there an exception to this rule?

Answer 15

below

in cervical region, they leave above vertebra

Question 16

which vertebra has a spinal nerve root above AND below it?

Answer 16

lucky C7

Question 17

how many spinal nerve roots are there in total?

where does the one extra (not expected) come from - which bone structure?

Answer 17

31 - one extra from coccyx

Question 18

at each vertebral level, what are the names of the two roots emerging?

what is the function of each?

Answer 18

dorsal (posterior = sensory
verntral (anterior) = motor

Question 19

which root of the spinal nerve (dorsal or ventral) is located closest to the spinous process of the vertebra (posterior)?

Answer 19

dorsal root

dorsal = posterior

Question 20

the spinal nerves are a combination of which two roots?

Answer 20

dorsal and ventral

Question 21

between which vertebrae is the lumbar plexus?

Answer 21

T12/L1-L5

Question 22

cranial nerve 1

function?

Answer 22

olfactory - information about smell

Question 23

cranial nerve 2

function?

Answer 23

optic - vision

Question 24

cranial nerve 3

2 functions?

Answer 24

oculomotor = eye movements (somatic), pupil constriction (autonomic)

Question 25

cranial nerve 4

function?

Answer 25

trochlear = moves one eye muscle

Question 26

cranial nerve 5

2 functions?

Answer 26

trigeminal = senses touch from surface of face (somatic), muscles of mastication (autonomic)

Question 27

cranial nerve 6

function?

Answer 27

abducent = moves one eye muscle

Question 28

cranial nerve 7

2 functions?

Answer 28

facial = taste from anterior tongue (somatic), all salivary glands except parotid (autonomic)

Question 29

cranial nerve 8

function?

Answer 29

vestibulocochlear = hearing and balance

Question 30

cranial nerve 9

3 functions?

Answer 30

glossopharyngeal = taste from posterior tongue and swallowing (somatic), parotid (autonomic)

Question 31

cranial nerve 10

2 functions?

Answer 31

vagus = pharynx, larynx and palate muscles (somatic), innervates trachea, bronchi, GI, cardiac (autonomic)

Question 32

which is the only cranial nerve which extends from head and neck?

Answer 32

10 - vagus nerve

Question 33

cranial nerve 11

function?

Answer 33

accessory = motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in neck

Question 34

cranial nerve 12

function?

Answer 34

hypoglossal = motor to tongue muscles

Question 35

which 4 cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions? name the nerves

Answer 35

5 = trigeminal
7 = facial
9 = glossopharyngeal
10 = vagus

Question 36

which cranial nerves have only sensory divisions/functions? name them

Answer 36

1 - olfactory
2 - optic
8 - vestibulocochlear

(5, 7, 9, 10 have sensory and motor)

Question 37

which cranial nerves have only motor divisions/functions? name them

Answer 37

3 - oculomotor
4 - trochlear
6 - abducent
11 - accessory
12 - hypoglossal

(5, 7, 9, 10 have sensory and motor)

Question 38

Bell’s palsy involves a palsy of which cranial nerve? what are some symptoms?

Answer 38

7 - facial

loss of motor innervation to facial muscles = face sagging

Question 39

name one causative agent of Bell’s palsy

Answer 39

herpes simplex virus

Question 40

which structure (on neurone) is attacked in those with Guillan-Barre syndrome?

are peripheral or central nerves affected?

Answer 40

the myelin sheath

peripheral nerves - hands and feet - longest neurons

Question 41

name two effects of Guillan-Barre syndrome?

Answer 41

tingling and muscle weakness in hands and feet

Question 42

in Guillan-Barre syndrome does the paralysis ascend up the arms and legs?

Answer 42

yes (‘gloves and stockings’)

Question 43

in some cases the demyelination of which nerve in those with Guillan-Barre syndrome can cause respiratory failure, requiring ventilation? what does this nerve innervate?

Answer 43

phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)

Question 44

Select the answer that best describes the constiuents of the spinal cord:

1) Dendrites which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord

2) Neurons which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord

3) Dorsal nerve roots which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord

4) Myoblasts which form white matter tracts ascending to and descending from the brain, and some forming relays within the grey matter of the spinal cord

Answer 44

2)

Question 45

what is the term for an area of skin supplied by sensory afferents from one spinal nerve?

Answer 45

dermatome

Question 46

a myotome is a group of ……. supplied by motor……… and …… afferents from one ……….. nerve

Answer 46

muscles
efferents
sensory
spinal

Question 47

ventral roots contain ………. nerves that carry information away from spinal cord

Answer 47

efferent nerves

Question 48

name the 5 special senses (provided by cranial nerves)

Answer 48

taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance