Genitourinary system: Topic B - week 9 Flashcards
where do ovaries develop before descending in birth? what do they bring with them?
high in posterior abdominal wall bringing vessels and nerves with them
where do the ovaries stop at after descending during birth, where do they lie inferior to, within what?
stop at lateral wall of pelvic cavity and lie inferior to pelvic inlet within peritoneum
what is the shape and size of the ovaries? what are they suspended in?
almond shape and 3cm long, mesovarium
true or false, every female is born with an infinite number of ova?
false, finite
name 4 changes which can occur during the menopause
sexual organs atrophy, breast tissue atrophy, thinner skin and hot flushes
on which surface of the empty urinary bladder does the body of the uterus lie?
superior
the uterus is normally …..verted and …..flexed anteriorly relative to the cervix
anterverted, anteflexed
in non-pregnant females how long, broad and thick is the uterus
7.5cm long, 5cm broad and 2cm thick
what are the 2 divisions of the body of the uterus
fundus - rounded roof
isthmus - narrow part
what are the 2 main parts of the uterus
body and cervix
name the 3 layers of the wall of the body of the uterus from outer to inner stating what they contain
perimetrium - connective tissue
myometrium - smooth muscle for labour contractions, nerves and blood vessels
endometrium - mucous lining, proliferates/degenerates in menstrual cycle
which muscles/tissues/ligaments does the uterus rely on to stay stable and maintain its position in the middle of the pelvic cavity
pelvic floor muscles and uterosacral ligaments
what do the uterine tubes end in? what are their functions?
fimbriae, waft released ova to open end of the tube
where does fertilisation normally take place? what occurs after?
in fallopian tubes, small amount of cell division
is there a direct passage between the uterine tubes and the ovaries?
no, there is a direct passage from peritoneal cavity to external environment at opening of vagina
in an ectopic pregnancy where can implantation occur? what does this result in?
uterine tubes, ovaries, abdomen and cervix, rupture the walls and haemorrhage into the peritoneum
name the 2 openings of the cervix and what they open into
external os is the inferior opening - into vagina
internal os is the superior opening into the uterus
where is cervical mucus produced
cervical canal
which contraceptive methods block the external os, which method can thicken the cervical mucus
diaphragms/caps, progesterone only pills
what is the shape of the epithelium of the cervical canal at the internal os and external os and why?
squamous at internal, stratified at external to protect itself from acidic environment of vagina
what does CIN stand for and which stage encompasses the first stages of cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, stage 3
which end of the vagina opens in the vestibule? what is the vestibule?
inferior end, a depression between labia minora
the vagina recesses around the cervix forming what?
vaginal fornices
what 5 things is the vulva made up of?
glans clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, skin folds and vestibule
which aspects make up the clitoris and which aspects sit deep within the perineum?
glans, body, crura and bulbs of vestibule
body, crura and bulbs sit deep in perineum
what is the name for the clitoral hood which is bisected and enveloped by the labia minora?
prepuce
which are hairless skin folds, labia minor or majora?
minora
what is the fibrous coat covering the testes called?
tunica albuginea
what lies within the lobules of the testes?
seminiferous tubules
what is the network of channels which the seminiferous tubules open into?
rete testis
which structures join the rete testis to the epididymis?
efferent ductules
what do efferent ductules join the rete testis to?
epididymis
what does the epipidymis act as?
storage and maturation site for spermatozoa
what is the tail of the epididymis continuous with? what does it pass into?
ductus/vas deferens, into spermatic cord
what is the name of an outer double layer of connective tissue, a closed peritoneal sac around the testes?
tunica vaginalis
what does the parietal layer of thr tunica vaginalis extend superiorly into?
distal spermatic cord
what allows the two layers of the testes to move freely and reduces friction?
a small amount of fluid in the cavity between them
what 3 things is the spermatic cord covered by? what are these derived from?
internal, cremasteric and external spermatic fascia, from abdominal wall
which 4 things does the spermatic cord consist of?
ductus deferens -sperm
blood vessels - supply and drain testicular blood
sympathetic/somatic nerves
lymphatics
which duct does the ductus deferens combine with to form the ejaculatory duct?
duct of seminal vesicle
name the 4 accessory structures of the male reproductive tract. what is their function?
seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate and bulbourethral glands, produce seminal fluid
how are the seminal vesicles places and how long are they?
obliquely placed, 5cm long
what do seminal vesicles secrete?
components of seminal fluid that mixes with sperm as they pass into the ejaculatory ducts
what % of the final volume of seminal fluid do the seminal vesicles produce?
60-70
name the 4 components/characteristics of fluid produced by the seminal vesicles and their functions
alkaline fluid produced to protect sperm from acidic urethra/female tract
fructose for energy
prostaglandins to lower female immune response to sperm and increase motility
coagulation factors to help deliver sperm to cervix
how long are the ejaculatory ducts and where do they open to?
2.5cm into the prostatic urethra
which is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system and how long is it?
prostate, 3cm
describe the prostatic fluid, which % of the total volume of semen does it make up, what do its secretions aid?
thin and milky, 20-25%, aid mobility of sperm
where do the bulbourethral glands lie in relation to the prostate gland and membranous urethra?
immediately inferior to prostate and at level of membranous urethra
where do the ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into soon after the urethral sphincter?
into the penile/spongy urethra
describe the secretion from the bulbourethral glands and its function
transparent and viscous (pre ejaculate), flushes out urethra and acts as lubricant
what are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
enlarged prostate, urinary retention, poor stream, haematuria, back pain
what 3 things is the penis made up of?
root body and glans
name the 2 erectile tissue found throughout the penis
corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa
which structure connects the skin of the body of the penis to the glans penis?
frenulum
