Nervous system (CNS) - week 2 Flashcards
multiple sclerosis is characterized by what?
does it occur in the CNS or PNS
characterized by plaques of demyelination
in the CNS only
what are the main things that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are responsible for coordinating?
left = logic, numbers, language
right = creativity, imagination and rhythm
found in the deep fissure of the brain when looking inferiorly, which structure joins the two brain hemispheres?
corpus callosum
forebrain is composed of which 3 things?
thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum
hindbrain is composed of which 3 things?
pons, medulla and cerebellum
the brain stem is composed of which 3 things?
midbrain, pons and medulla
which type of functions are associated with the midbrain?
higher functions such as eye movement/ auditory system
which type of functions are associated with the medulla?
basic life functions - breathing, HR
which 2 functions is the pons associated with?
posture and consciousness
how is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem?
by how many structures? what are their names?
connected via 3 peduncles (bands of neurons)
superior, middle, inferior
which functions is the cerebellum majorly responsible for?
motor function, memory and learning
cerebellum receives inputs from ascending and descending pathways.
- what is each pathway responsible for in coordinating?
- via which column of the spinal cord does each pathway travel in?
ascending = sensory, from dorsal column
descending = motor, lateral column
ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for fine touch?
dorsal
ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for pain?
anterolateral fasciculus
descending pathways travel down from the cerebrum to the ……… then they travel down the spinal cord via the …….. column
cerebellum
lateral
in the forebrain, where is the relay point at which all inputs to the cerebrum synapse before going up to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
HR, sweating and digestion are controlled by the hypothalamus via inputs to the …….. where the …….. nervous system originates
medulla
autonomic
where are the cell bodies of neurons in white matter located?
in grey matter
which things/functions does the cerebral cortex/cerebrum coordinate?
intelligence, personality, sensory impulses, motor function, planning and touch sensation
name the 4 lobes of the brain and say if they include a gyrus, naming it.
1) frontal lobe (includes pre-central gyrus)
2) parietal lobe (includes post-central gyrus)
3) occipital lobe
4) temporal lobe
in a lateral view of the brain, between which 2 lobes is the lateral fissure located?
between frontal and temporal
in a lateral view of the brain, where is the central sulcus located?
between the pre and post-central gyri
which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?
pre-central gyrus
which gyrus contains the somatosensory cortex?
post-central gyrus
name the 3 layers of the meninges covering the CNS, starting with innermost layer
innermost layer = pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura
name the specialised epithelium which produce CSF
choroid plexus
how many ventricles exist in the brain?
what are they connected by?
what does their connection aid the circulation of?
4 ventricles, connected by aqueducts to help the circulation of CSF
the choroid plexus secretes components of what into ventricles?
blood plasma
CSF is lower in which 3 things than most plasma?
CSF has a higher concentration of which 3 ions, however?
lower in proteins, cells and ions
higher in Na+, Mg2+ and Cl-
where is the CSF reabsorbed back to the circulation?
arachnoid granulations
in CHILDREN, the end of the spinal CORD is in line with which vertebrae?
L3
in ADULTS, the end of the spinal cord is in line with which vertebrae?
L1
in adults, at/below the L1 vertebrae, the spinal cord branches off into multiple nerves known as what?
cauda equina
each vertebrae has a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. Name the components of the vertebral arch (11 in total)
2 pedicles, 2 lamina, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process and 4 articular processes
function of transverse and spinous processes in the vertebral arch?
muscle attachment
function of the lamina and pedicles of the vertebral arch
protection of spinal cord
function of articular processes in vertebral arch
restriction of movement
draw out the vertebral arch/body and label its components
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fteachmeanatomy.info%2Fback%2Fbones%2Fvertebral-column%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UvdYHB-D2M6zkVM6Rrkmu&ust=1707390941864000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCKC_q4aNmYQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI
check against this for answer
the vertebral CANAL (hole) is formed due to the stacking of the vertebrae, specifically the ………..
foramens
intervertebral discs sit between vertebra forming fibrocartilaginous joints. what is the outermost layer of the disc made up of?
hyaline cartilage
what is the name of the gel like centre of the intervertebral discs?
what is its major function?
nucleus polposus
shock absorption
what is the name of the outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs?
what is it made up of?
main function?
annulus fibrosus
made of a laminae of fibrocartilage
withstand compression
within the grey matter in the spinal cord, nerves from the ………. enter through ……………. on the dorsal horn and exit via ventral roots on the …….. horn
from body
dorsal roots
ventral horn
when looking at an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, what is the landmark for the anterior surface of the spinal cord
ventral median fissure (at bottom of cross section)
in an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, where is the dorsal horn located? grey or white matter?
in the grey matter, at the top/top horn
match the spinal cord columns with their spatial position on the cross section:
- dorsal
- anterolateral fasciculus
- lateral
- top (above dorsal horn)
- middle (between dorsal and ventral horn)
- bottom (level with ventral horn)
dorsal - top
lateral - middle
anterolateral - bottom
in a lumbar puncture, what is removed?
from the space around which group of nerves?
CSF removed from the space around the cauda equina
between which 2 vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed?
where is the needle inserted into? which layer?
L3 + L4
needle into the subarachnoid space
if a lumbar puncture result shows increased WBCs, what could this mean?
meningitis infection
if a lumbar puncture result shows increased RBCs, what could this mean?
brain haemorrhage or stroke
