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CMB2007 - Human Anatomy > Gastrointestinal system - week 8 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system - week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

which type of epithelium are the tongue and mouth covered in?

A

stratified sqaumous

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2
Q

name the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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3
Q

which salivary gland secretes serous saliva and which secretes mucous saliva?

A

parotid = serous
sublingual = mucous

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4
Q

where in the saliva glands is saliva produced by the active filtration of ions from blood?

A

acini

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5
Q

what type of saliva is produced by para and sympathetic stimulation?

A

para = large volume, watery
sympathetic = small volume, mucous

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6
Q

name the 7 functions of saliva

A

lubrication
digestion
protection of oral mucosa through lubrication
antibacterial
thirst stimulation
speech
absorption in mouth

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7
Q

what in saliva aids lubrication?

A

mucins

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8
Q

what in saliva aids digestion?

A

alpha amylase

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9
Q

how does the saliva protect oral mucosa ? 3 ways

A

lubrication, rinsing action and alkaline pH

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10
Q

which molecule makes saliva antibacterial?

A

antimicrobial thiocyanate

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11
Q

which 2 muscles aid pulverisation and bolus fomation?

A

tongue and buccinator in cheeks

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12
Q

name the 4 muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

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13
Q

the muscles of mastication move which bone, bringing it into contact with the teeth connected to which bone? what is the name of the joint which moves?

A

mandible, maxilla, temporomandibular joint

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14
Q

which muscles of mastication sit deep?

A

pterygoids

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15
Q

which is the major effector muscle of mastication?

A

temporalis

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16
Q

which fibres of the temporalis can retract the jaw if it has been protruded?

A

posterior

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17
Q

which muscle of mastication elevates and protrudes the lower jaw

A

masster

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18
Q

which muscles of mastication help protrude the lower jaw unilaterally - moving it side to side?

A

medial and lateral pterygoids

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19
Q

what happens in the next step after the bolus is pushed to the back of the pharynx, triggering the swallowing reflex in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

the soft palate rises to block off the nasopharynx

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20
Q

what happens after the soft palate rises to block off the nasopharynx in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

elevation of the larynx moves the epiglottis over the trachea

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21
Q

in the elevation of the larynx to move the epiglottis over the trachea, which muscles lift the larynx to close off the trachea?

A

suprahyoid muscles

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22
Q

what happens after the elevation of the larynx to move the epiglottis over the trachea in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

the pharyngeal constrictors contract sequentially to push the food down the pharynx and into the oesophagus

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23
Q

at which vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

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24
Q

what is the type of epithelium which lines the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous

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25
Q

which third of the oesophagus is skeletal muscle which two thirds are smooth?

A

upper third is skeletal, lower 2 are smooth

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26
Q

what happens in a hiatus hernia?

A

when the upper part of the stomach squeezes through the oesophageal hiatus causing reflux of stomach contents into the oesophagus

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27
Q

what is the name of the opening where the stomach opens into the duodenum

A

pyloric orifice

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28
Q

where is the fundus of the stomach?

A

the top, above the greater curvature

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29
Q

where is the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

A

at the bottom by where the pyloric sphinchter opens into the duodenum

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30
Q

where is the cardia of the stomach?

A

where the oesophagus joins the stomach

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31
Q

the fundus and body of the stomach secrete acid from which type of cells? and what do peptic/chief cells secrete?

A

parietal, pepsin precursor and pepsinogen

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32
Q

what are the 3 endocrine secretions from the antrum of the stomach?

A

gastrin, histamine, somatostatin

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33
Q

what is the type of epithelium lining the stomach? what type of junctions connect it?

A

columnar, tight

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34
Q

which type of cells secrete alkaline mucous in the stomach’s gastric muscoa? what does this prevent and provide?

A

mucous cells, damage to tissue from acid secretions and a mechanical barrier to pathogens

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35
Q

what are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach?

A

circular, longitudinal and oblique

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36
Q

name the 4 parts of the duodenum and which vertebral level they travel at

A

superior = L1
descending = L3
horizontal = L3
ascending = L2

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37
Q

name the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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38
Q

which structure anchors the jejunum and ileum to the posterior body wall?

A

mesentery

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39
Q

which 2 parts of the small intestine are the primary sites of nutrient absorption?

A

jejunum and ileum

40
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of ions and water and some nutrients in the proximal colon

41
Q

what are the 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the large intestine which move the contents towards the anus?

A

taeniae coli

42
Q

name the regions of the large intestine

A

caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

43
Q

what is the left colic flixure? what organ can be found here?

A

the 90 degree bend formed of the transverse colon meeting the descending colon (spleen)

44
Q

What junction is the vermiform appendix close to?

A

iliocaecal junction

45
Q

name the 5 main functions of the liver

A

glucose storage as glycogen
protein, lipoprotein and cholesterol synthesis
production of bile and bile salts
storage of fat soluble vitamins
toxin and drug metabolism/excretion

46
Q

what is the most abundant blood protein? what is its function?

A

albumin, transports and helps maintain reabsorption of fluid from tissues to blood

47
Q

where is excess cholesterol secreted to?

A

bile

48
Q

what do bile salts do?

A

emulsify fats in intestines to increase their SA

49
Q

name the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

50
Q

which substance, released by the spleen is modified by the liver? where is it excreted to?

A

bilirubin, bile

51
Q

name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

right left caudate and quadrate

52
Q

where is the caudate lobe of the liver located? what about quadrate?

A

caudate at top, quadrate at bottom

53
Q

which 3 parts can the gallbladder be divided into? what does it store? which part of the gallbladder is the cystic duct connected to?

A

fundus body and neck, bile, connected to neck

54
Q

which type of cells in the liver produce bile

A

hepatocytes

55
Q

what lies between layers of hepatocytes to allow portal blood supply? what are the names of the small channels between hepatocytes which remove waste and drain into bile ducts?

A

sinusoids, cancaliculi

56
Q

from which 2 ducts does bile drain from the liver? what do these 2 ducts join together to form?

A

left a right hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct

57
Q

what joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct?

A

cystic bile duct

58
Q

which 2 places can bile go from the common hepatic duct?

A

the cystic duct to be stored in the gallbladder or carry on to the descending duodenum via the common bile duct

59
Q

where does the main pancreatic duct join the common bile duct?

A

the hepatopancreatic ampulla/ ampulla of vater

60
Q

which 5 regions is the pancreas split into

A

uncinate process, head, neck, body and tail

61
Q

what are the 2 components of pancreatic juice?

A

alkaline and enzyme rich secretion

62
Q

where does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?

A

sphincter of oddi

63
Q

which type of stimulation increases secretions from the pancreas?

A

parasympathetic

64
Q

what is the peritoneum and what does it cover?

A

a layer of conective tissue covering the walls and all of the viscera in the abdomen

65
Q

what is the structure which creates a reflection off the abdominal contents and would be the first visible structure if you were to remove the anterior abdominal wall?

A

greater omentum

66
Q

what is the name of the potential space continuous around the abdominal organs?

A

peritoneal cavity

67
Q

what are the 4 layers of the epithelium of the digestive tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

68
Q

name the 3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

69
Q

which layers of the mucos is a layer of connective tissue and has a good blood supply, containing lymphatics

A

lamina propria

70
Q

which 3 things does the submucosal plexus in the submucosa control?

A

secretion and blood flow and information to the gut stretch receptors

71
Q

which part of the nervous system is the submucosal plexus?

A

enteric (autonomic)

72
Q

name the 2 plexi of the enteric nervous system and give their old names

A

myenteric and submucosal plexi, meissner’s and auerbach’s

73
Q

name the 2 layers of muscle in the muscularis externa and their function

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal, peristalsis contractions

74
Q

which part of the enteric nervous system lies between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa? what does it control?

A

myenteric, GI motility

75
Q

what type of cells are contained in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

secretory cells

76
Q

which vein does the capillary network of the small intestine eventually drain into?

A

portal vein

77
Q

name the 4 types of cells present in the epithelium of the villi of the small intestine and say what they secrete

A

absorptive cells - digestive enzymes
goblet cells - mucus
granular cells - enzymes
APUD cells - endocrine secretions for GI motility

78
Q

which 2 types of cells are located at the base of the crypts of the small intestine villi and which ascend from the base?

A

granular and APUD at base, absorptive and gobelt ascend

79
Q

which 3 types of cells are present on the epithelium of the LARGE intestine? which type of cell is more numerous in the large than the small intestine?

A

goblet, absorptive, APUD. goblet more numerous

80
Q

name the 3 branches of the abdominal aorta supplying the GI tract starting with the most superior and give their vertebral levels

A

coeliac trunk at T12
superior mesenteric artery at L1
inferior mesenteric at L3

81
Q

branches of the coeliac trunk supply which foregut strcutures?

A

stomach, superior duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen and pancreas

82
Q

name the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk (see diagram and learn)

A

common hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries

83
Q

which 4 arteries supply the stomach (see diagram)

A

L/R gastric, L/R gastroepiploic

84
Q

which arteries supply the pancreas? (see diagram)

A

pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic branches of the splenic artery

85
Q

branches from which artery supply the jejunum and ileum

A

superior mesenteric

86
Q

which artery supplies the terminal ileum, caecum , appendix and proximal ascending colon

A

ileocolic

87
Q

which artery supplies the distal ascending colon

A

right colic

88
Q

which artery supplies the distal transverse colon

A

middle colic

89
Q

which hindgut structure does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

large intestines

90
Q

which artery supplies the descending colon

A

left colic

91
Q

which artery, supplying the descending colon, anastomoses with the middle colic artery

A

left colic

92
Q

which artery supplies the sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid arteries

93
Q

which artery supplies the proximal rectum

A

superior rectal

94
Q

branches from which artery supply the distal rectum?

A

internal iliac

95
Q

after blood drains from the intestines which 3 veins and which organ must it go back through to go back to the heart and lungs?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic portal vein and then the liver

96
Q

what are arcades in the GI tract? what do they form the blood supply to? where do they run from and to? between layers of what?

A

Blood vessels that take the form of a series of arches. They form the blood supply to the jejunum and ileum. The arcades run from the aorta to the small intestine between the layers of peritoneum (mesentery)

CMB2007 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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