Genitourinary system: Topic A - week 9 Flashcards
what does the perineum sit below and structures of which system are held here? what extends from the perineum?
sits below pelvic flood, genitourinary system, external genitalia
name all the 4 structures of the female reproductive system
vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries
where do the female reproductive organs sit?
lesser pelvis
name the 6 internal organs of the male reproductive system, name the outer organ. where do all these components sit?
internal = epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, bulbourethral glands
external = testes in scrotum
internal organs sit in lesser pelvis
name the 3 functions of the urinary system
excrete urea and toxins, maintain blood volume and maintain osmolarity
what is the inner and outer layer of the kidney?
outer = cortex
inner = medulla
where do the pyramids of the cortex of the kidney drain into?
minor calyces
how many minor calyces drain into how many major calyces?
2-3 minor drain to 2-3 major
where do major calyces in the kidney drain into ?
renal pelvis which empties to ureter
what is the name of the point where vessels enter or exit the kidney? which vessels are included?
hilum, renal vein, renal artery, ureter, lymphatics and sympathetics
blood entering the kidney for filtration passes through knots of capillaries called what? what are these knots contained within?
glomeruli, bowman’s capsule
in the bowman’s capsule what is filtered out of the blood? with the exception of what?
all constituents of plasma, large molecular weight proteins bigger than 64 kDa
in the bowman’s capsule useful molecules such as what must be reabsorbed?
glucose and ions
what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
useful substances such as glucose and ions
what is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?
water
what is secreted into the lumen of the nephron in the distal convoluted tubule?
any waste products not filtered out in the capsule
where is ADH released from? what does it allow?
posterior pituitary, makes collecting ducts more permeable allowing reabsorption of water
at which vertebral level are the renal arteries, what do they branch off?
L1, abdominal aorta
what is the name of efferent arterioles that wrap around the loop of henle? what do they drain into?
vasa recta, renal veins and then inferior vena cava
describe how the kidneys lie in relation to the peritoneum
retroperitoneally on posterior body wall
between which 2 vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?
T12- L3
which kidney lies lower due to the large lobe of the liver?
right
in life what colour and shape are the kidneys?
red/brown and oval
what is the name of the glands located superiorly on the kidneys?
adrenal/suprarenal glands
which 3 hormones ca be released from the adrenal cortex?
cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones
which 2 hormones can be secreted from the adrenal medulla?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
which type of congenital abnormality of kidney and ureters is common? what shape do the inferior ends form?
bifid renal pelvis and ureter , horseshoe
give the clinical name of kidney stones and 3 reasons which cause them
renal calculi, dehydration diet and predisposing illnesses
how many layers of smooth muscle are in each ureter? what do they aid?
3, aid peristaltic conditions that force urine into the bladder
name the 3 regions where the ureters narrow?
junction between ureters and renal pelvis, where ureters cross pelvic bone, entrance of ureters to bladder
describe the direction in which the entrances of the ureters to the bladder run through the muscle of the bladder wall?
obliquely
when the bladder as full what do the entrances of the ureters to the bladder act as and what do they prevent?
valves, prevent urinary reflux into the ureters
what is the minimum amount of urine the bladder can hold?
50ml
the 3 layers of smooth muscle form which muscle of the bladder? which layers are circular and which are longitudinal?
detrusor, internal and external are longitudinal and middle is circular
bladder musculature is a ……. …… of the 3 layers of smooth muscle
distorted continuation
what is the pubic symphysis?
a cartilagenous joint between pubis hip bones
what is the name of the specialised epithelium lining the bladder? what does it have the ability to do?
transitional epithelium or urothelium, can stretch or flatten
how many cells thick is a distended bladder, how many is an empty one?
distended is 2-3 cells, empty is 5-6
what is the shape of the cells on the base, middle and surface layers of a non-distended urothelium (empty bldder)?
basal - cuboidal
middle - polygonal
surface - tall columnar
when the bladder is empty it sits inferior to the …… in the lesser pelvis. when fulls it extends up into the ………. of the anterior body wall
peritoneum, extraperitoneal fat
in infants and children where does the bladder sit even when empty?
in the abdomen
where does the trigone of the bladder sit? what are the rugae or the bladder? what happens to rugae as the bladder fills?
sits between the ureteric orificies on the posterior bladder wall, rugae line the empty bladder and flatten out as it fills
which sphincter of the bladder is only found in males and sits at the junction of the bladdder and the urethra?
internal urethral sphincter
in males, what does the internal urethral sphincter prevent?
ejaculatory reflux of semen into the bladder
which bladder sphincter contains skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control?
external
which bladder sphincter has autonomic innervation?
internal
in females the urethra is ….. and ……
short and straight
name the 4 parts which the urethra can be split into in males?
pre prostatic (intramural)
prostatic
membranous (intermediate)
penile (spongy)
why are UTIs more common in females?
shorter length of female urethra and closer to anus
name the 5 potential causes of UTIs
sexual intercourse, being pregnant, blockages in urinary tract such as kidney stones, not drinking enough, not keeping genital region clean and dry
which urethral sphincter has somatic innervation?
internal
