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CMB2007 - Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular system - Weeks 3&4 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system - Weeks 3&4 Flashcards

1
Q

(lateral view of mediastinum) A horizontal plane drawn between which two bone structures separates the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?

A

between sternal angle of sternum and T4/T5 vertebrae

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2
Q

what can the lower/inferior mediastinum be further divided into?

A

anterior, middle and posterior

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3
Q

name the structures found in the superior mediastinum

A

oesophagus, trachea, aortic arch, superior vena cava, L/R phrenic nerves, L/R vagus nerves, thoracic duct, sympathetic chains

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4
Q

name the structures found in the anterior (front) section of the inferior mediastinum?

A

thymus and fat

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5
Q

name the structures found in the middle part of the inferior mediastinum

A

heart, L/R phrenic and vagus nerves, cardiac plexus

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6
Q

name the structures found in the posterior part of the inferior mediastinum

A

descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein, sympathetic chain

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7
Q

what does the azygous system of veins drain?

A

the posterior thoracic wall

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8
Q

what is the name of the structure which returns lymph to the venous system?

A

thoracic duct

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9
Q

what are the roots of the phrenic nerve? (…. ….. ….. , keep….. alive)

A

C3,4,5

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10
Q

(lateral view of torso) Which nerves lie anterior to the root of the lung?

which lie posterior?

A

anterior = phrenic
posterior = vagus

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11
Q

what is the name of the sac which lies around the heart?

A

pericardium

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12
Q

name the 2 layers of the pericardium - outer and inner

A

outer = fibrous pericardium
inner = serous pericardium

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13
Q

the inner serous pericardium has 2 layers, name them (inner and outer)

A

inner serous = visceral/epicardium (external layer of the heart)

outer serous = parietal

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14
Q

going from outermost to innermost, name the layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)

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15
Q

which layer of the pericardium is just the external surface of the heart?

A

epicardium (inner serous layer)

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16
Q

name the 4 functions of the pericardium

A

protection from infection

fixes heart in mediastinum

lubrication

prevents heart overfilling and thus increasing in size

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17
Q

what is the function of the fluid which fills the pericardial cavity? which two layers of pericardium does cavity form between?

A

reduce friction when heart is contracting

forms between the inner and outer serous (epicardium and parietal)

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18
Q

which structures does the pericardium fix the heart to in the mediastinum?

A

tunica adventitia of blood vessel walls, diaphragm, sternum

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19
Q

in cardiac tamponade where does fluid accumulate?

A

in the pericardium

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20
Q

cardiac tamponade can result from what?

A

heart surgery, bacterial/viral infection, trauma, heart attack

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21
Q

in cardiac tamponade, what fills up the pericardium, compressing the heart? (2 things)

A

blood or fluid

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22
Q

what does fluid/blood build up in the pericardium prevent in cardiac tamponade, which in turn causes a build up of pressure in the heart?

A

prevents ventricles from expanding fully, impeding blood supply

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23
Q

define pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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24
Q

name the procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the pericardium in cardiac tamponade?

A

pericardiocentesis

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25
Q

when looking at the heat in a posterior view, which 7vessels would you see (from top downwards)? what would you see on the RHS - 1 vessel?

A

aortic arch coming over top

left and right pulmonary arteries below aortic arch

2 left and 2 right pulmonary veins (superior set and inferior set)

on RHS = vena cava

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26
Q

name the 5 surfaces of the heart

A

anterior, base, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, right pulmonary

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27
Q

in the midclavicular line, the apex of the heart lies posterior to which intercostal space?

A

5th

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28
Q

which border of the heart covers both atria and has the aorta and pulmonary trunk arising from it?

A

superior

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29
Q

which border of the heart extends from the superior vena cava to inferior vena cava and is formed by the right atrium?

A

right border

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30
Q

which border of the heart is formed by the right ventricle mostly, with a small contribution from the left ventricle?

A

inferior

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31
Q

which border of the heart is formed by the left ventricle with the superior portion being formed by the left auricle?

A

left

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32
Q

which structures lie at the level of the sternal angle?

A

aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, rib 2, pulmonary trunk, nerves

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33
Q

Select the answer that best describes the direction of the apex of the heart:
- Latero-inferiorly, sideways and down
- Postero-superiorly, backwards and up
- Antero-inferiorly, forwards and down
- Postero-inferiorly, forwards and down

A

antero-inferiorly, forwards and down

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34
Q

the base of the heart is located on its……. aspect, facing towards the bodies of vertebrae T6-………..

A

posterior

T6-9

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35
Q

the anterior surface of the heart is formed mainly from the ……….. ventricle and related anteriorly to the sternum and ribs

A

right

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36
Q

The ………. surface is formed mostly from the left ventricle and is related inferiorly to the centre of the diaphragm.

A

inferior

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37
Q

name the 3 layers which make up the walls of the heart from superficial to deep?

A

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

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38
Q

which layer of the heart wall is the same as the visceral pericardium?

A

epicardium

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39
Q

which layer of the heart wall provides a protective layer over the heart and is composed of connective tissue?

A

epicardium

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40
Q

which layer of the heart wall is the muscle layer? what is the name of the cell types found here?

A

myocardium, myocytes/cardiac muscle cells

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41
Q

which layer of the heart wall is a layer of connective tissue covering the valves, continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels?

A

endocardium

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42
Q

true or false, an electrical stimulus to any one part of the heart can cause contraction of the whole myocardium? explain your answer

A

true as cardiac muscle cells are branched and interconnected = operate as a functional syncytium

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43
Q

intercalated discs separate adjacent cardiac muscle cells. what are the discs held together by (type of junction)?

A

desmosomes

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44
Q

intercalated discs are held together by……. and allow electrical excitation to pass between cells through ……….. junctions?

A

desmosomes, gap junctions

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45
Q

the fibrous skeleton of the heart consists mainly of what?

A

collagen

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46
Q

name the 3 functions of the heart’s fibrous skeleton

A

1 - prevents valves collapsing
2- base for attachment for valve cusps
3 - forms electrical barrier between atria and ventricles to stop them contracting together (septum)

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47
Q

which structure, composed of dense collagen, forms an electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles, preventing them from contracting together?

A

fibrous skeleton of the heart

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48
Q

the AV bundle ensures which chambers contract first? it also ensure the ventricles contract from the …… upwards?

A

atria first
apex upwards

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49
Q

cardiac muscle is …….. (appearance) and not under…… control

A

striated, not under conscious control

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50
Q

do cardiac and skeletal muscle both contract by a sliding filament mechanism?

A

yes

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51
Q

true or false, skeletal muscle cells are less linear than cardiac muscle cells?

A

false, they are more linear

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52
Q

between which two chambers of the heart is the mitral/bicuspid valve found?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

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53
Q

between which two chambers of the heart is the tricuspid valve found?

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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54
Q

in which atrium, or atria, is this structure found?

crista terminalis

A

right atrium only

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55
Q

in which atrium, or atria, is this structure found?

fossa ovalis

A

both atria

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56
Q

name the main cardiac vein where the deoxygenated blood drained from the heart itself returns to the heart’s circulation?

around which atrium would you find the coronary sinus?

A

coronary sinus - right atrium

57
Q

in which atrium, or atria, is this structure found?

pectinate muscles

A

both atria

58
Q

in which atrium, or atria, is this structure found?

SA node

A

right atrium

59
Q

in which atrium, or atria, is this structure found?

sulcus terminalis

A

right atrium only

60
Q

what is the name of the structure in the right atrium where the pectinate muscles originate from?

A

crista terminalis

61
Q

at the interatrial septum, which 2 structures would you find?

A

fossa ovalis and AV node

62
Q

what is the function of the right and left auricles?

A

to increase the capacity of the atria

63
Q

which structure marks the point of fusion between the venous part of the right atrium and the true right atrium?

what structure sits on the internal surface of this structure?

A

sulcus terminalis

crista terminalis

64
Q

in which atrium are the pectinate muscles more sparse?

A

left atrium

65
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

tricuspid valve

A

right ventricle

66
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

chordae tendinae

A

both

67
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

conus arteriosus

A

right ventricle

68
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

moderator band

A

right ventricle

69
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

papillary muscles

A

both right and left

70
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

traberculae carneae

A

both ventricles

71
Q

in which ventricle, or ventricleS, is this structure found?

mitral valve

A

left ventricle

72
Q

which two structures do the chordae tendineae attach to in the ventricles?

A

cusps of atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles of ventricle

73
Q

name the anterosuperior region of the right ventricle

which vessel arises from this region?

A

conus arteriosus, pulmonary trunk

74
Q

where does the moderator band begin and end (2 structures) in the right ventricle?

A

intraventricular septum and right anterior papillary muscle

75
Q

what does the moderator band act as a shortcut for in the right ventricle?

A

acts as a shortcut for electrical impulses from right bundle tract

76
Q

when papillary muscles contract in the ventricles, what do they pull on to prevent prolapse of the atrioventricular valve cusps?

A

chordae tendineae - heart strings

77
Q

in the right ventricle, name the 3 locations of papillary muscles

A

anterior, posterior and septal

78
Q

which structure is this describing? irregular muscular columns found on the internal surface of the ventricles (meaty ridges)

A

trabeculae carneae

79
Q

on a cadaveric image/diagram of the right ventricle, which structure looks like a papillary muscle but isn’t because it isn’t connected to any heart strings (chordae tendineae)?

A

moderator band

80
Q

semilunar valves are between …….. and ……..

A

vessels and ventricles

81
Q

lub sound is caused by closure of …….. valves

A

atrioventricular

82
Q

dub sound is caused by closure of …….. valves

A

semilunar

83
Q

what happens to ventricular pressure when atrioventricular valves close?

A

increases (lub)

84
Q

what happens to ventricular pressure when semilunar valves close?

A

decreases (dub)

85
Q

going from the right hand heart chambers to the left, which atrioventricular valves comes first - tri or bi cuspid?

A

tricuspid first - right AV valve

86
Q

how many cusps in semilunar valves? what is the name of the spaces behind the aortic semilunar valve?

A

3

aortic sinuses

87
Q

which two valves are prevented from inverting by the action of the
papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

A

tri and bicuspid

88
Q

At the beginning of diastole blood begins to flow ……….. the heart; this fills the ‘pockets’ (known as sinuses) and forces them together, ………….. the valve. (aortic and pulmonary valves)

A

towards, closing

89
Q

the QRS signal on an ECG represents depolarisation of what?

A

ventricles

90
Q

write the correct order
1) purkinje fibres spread impulse throughout ventricular myocardium causing contraction
2) AV node receives the impulse from the SA node
3) left and right bundle branches transmit APs from bundle of His to Purkinje fibres
4) SA node spontaneously depolarises
5) bundle of his transmits signal down interventricular septum - it splits into 2
6) conduction to AV node via internodal tracts

A

4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 1

91
Q

from the AV node, where does the impulse travel through next?

after this, what happens so that the impulse is transmitted to whole myocardium?

A

through bundle of his

bundle bifurcates into left and right, purkinje fibres spread impulse through entire myocardium

92
Q

which arteries help supply blood to the heart so that it can keep beating constantly?

A

coronary arteries

93
Q

what do the coronary arteries arise immediately superior to?

A

cusps of aortic valve from aortic sinuses

94
Q

name the 3 aortic sinuses

A

posterior, right and left

95
Q

from which aortic sinus is there no coronary artery arising from?

A

posterior

96
Q

name the branches of the left coronary artery

A

anterior interventricular, circumflex

97
Q

which direction does the anterior interventricular branch of the LCA travel in? towards what? what does it supply the walls of?

A

travels down anterior surface of heart towards apex, supplying anterior walls of both ventricles

98
Q

which groove does the circumflex branch of the LCA travel down? which artery does this branch also give off?

A

coronary/atrioventricular groove down left border

left marginal artery

99
Q

in most people, which coronary artery usually supplies the SA node?

A

right

100
Q

close to its origin, the RCA gives off an ascending branch called what?

A

SA node branch

101
Q

name the 3 branches of the RCA

A

sinoatrial, marginal and posterior interventricular

102
Q

which branch of the RCA forms an arterial ring around the superior vena cava?

A

sinoatrial branch

103
Q

A network of cardiac veins drains deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue and deposits it in the …….. This drains directly into the ……… atrium. coronary sinus is located on …….. side of heart

A

coronary sinus

right atrium

posterior

104
Q

which is the most common artery for myocardial infarction?

A

left anterior descending

105
Q

when does myocardial infarction occur?

A

when a coronary artery gets blocked and the myocardium becomes ischaemic (tissue death due to lack of oxygen)

106
Q

name the two treatments used for heart attacks

A

PCI - widen blocked vessel with a stent - access it through artery in groin

thrombolytic drugs

coronary artery bypass graft

107
Q

name the three layers of blood vessels starting with the innermost to outermost

A

innermost = tunica intima
middle = tunica media
outermost = tunica adventitia

108
Q

which layer of blood vessels is the smooth muscle layer, containing elastin and collagen?

A

middle - tunica media

109
Q

what is the name of the small blood vessel network that is responsible for nourishing the media, contained within the adventitia?

A

vasa vasorum

110
Q

the blood pressure created by the elastic recoil of arteries (following expansion) is known as what?

A

diastolic blood pressure

111
Q

which type of artery, conduit (muscular) or elastic, has a thicker tunica media relative to the lumen of the vessel? why?

A

conduit - more smooth muscle to prevent collapse

112
Q

conduit arteries can contract and relax so they are highly innervated by what?

A

autonomic nervous system - can contract or relax

113
Q

name 3 elastic arteries

A

aorta, pulmonary artery, iliac

114
Q

name 3 conduit arteries

A

radial, cerebral, coronary

115
Q

in which vessel does blood travel at its lowest pressure and slowest speed?

A

capillaries

116
Q

name the 3 types of capillary (think basement membrane)

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

117
Q

name 2 tissue types in which ateriovenous anastomosis are found. what are their functions in these 2 tissues?

A

skin and nasal mucosa

in nasal mucosa - warm inspired air
in skin - temp regulation

118
Q

in limbs, what is special about the tunica intima layer of veins, as opposed to arteries?

A

has valves

119
Q

what are the 3 branches off the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid, left subclavian

120
Q

at which vertebral level do the carotid arteries divide into internal and external?

A

C3-C4

121
Q

which branch of the carotid supplies the brain?

A

internal

122
Q

which branch of the carotid supplies the neck, face, scalp on its respective side?

A

external

123
Q

the subclavian artery first becomes the ….. and then the …… artery in the upper limb

A

axillary, then brachial

124
Q

at which vertebral level does the abdo aorta pass through the aortic hiatus of diaphragm?

A

T12

125
Q

from most superior to inferior name the branches of the abdominal aorta which supply abdomen, pelvis and lower limb, including where it bifurcates at the pelvis

A

superior: coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric, right and left common iliac

126
Q

name the organs which the coeliac trunk supplies

A

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas

127
Q

name the structures which the superior mesenteric artery supplies

A

midgut structures of the abdomen including most of the small intestine and the proximal portion of the large intestine

128
Q

what structures does the internal iliac artery supply on each side?

A

pelvic cavity and perineum

129
Q

what does the external iliac artery continue as on each leg?

A

femoral artery

130
Q

at what vertebral levels are the superior mesenteric, renal, inferior mesenteric arteries? which level is the bifurcation of the iliac artery?

A

SM = L1
R = L1/L2
IM = L3
I = T4

131
Q

veins drain into other veins, so they have…….. not branches

A

tributaries

132
Q

which vein drains most of the head and neck?

A

internal jugular

133
Q

which vein drains upper limb?

A

subclavian

134
Q

on each side of the body in the head/neck the ………. vein and …….. veins join together to form a ………. vein. These join togetjer to form the superior vena cava

A

internal jugular and subclavian join to form brachiocephalic veins

135
Q

what are the 3 main tributaries of the inferior vena cava

A

renal, lumbar and hepatic

136
Q

what is the name of the vein which drains the posterior thoracic wall as well as draining into the superior vena cava

A

azygous vein

137
Q

the portal venous system (a collection of veins) drains into the ….. before draining into the …… and back the the heart

A

liver

inferior vena cava (and hepatic veins)

138
Q

order these vessels from smallest to largest diameter
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- atriovenous anastomosis
- venules
- veins

A

smallest: capillaries
ateriovenous anastomosis
venules
arterioles
arteries
veins

CMB2007 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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