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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of respiratory system:

A
  • Exchanges oxygen for cells and removes carbon dioxide from cells/tissues
  • Production of vocal sounds
  • Provides sense of smell through olfactory sacs
  • Regulation of blood pH
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2
Q

Respiration

A

Process of gas exchange

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3
Q

Inhalation

A

Movement of air into lungs

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4
Q

Exhalation

A

Removal of air out of lungs

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5
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 gas between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli

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6
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 gas between blood and muscle cells

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

O2 and glucose yields CO2 and H2O and ATP

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8
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Organs of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, sinuses, pharynx

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10
Q

Organs of the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

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11
Q

What helps structure of the nose

A

Bones and cartilages and it contains two openings (nostrils)

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12
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Hollow space behind the nose

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13
Q

Nasal septum

A

Divides the done (bone)

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14
Q

4 purposes of nasal cavity:

A
  • Alternate air passage
  • Warms air using blood vessels
  • Filters air using hairs, cilia, and mucus
  • Humidifies air using mucus
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15
Q

Deviated septum

A

When nasal septum is significantly displaced to one side, making one nasal air passage smaller than the other

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16
Q

Nasal concha

A

Bones that divide nasal cavity, support mucus membrane, and increase surface area

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17
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Space within bones that reduce weight of skull

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18
Q

Where is the pharynx located

A

Behind oral cavity

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19
Q

3 sections of the pharynx:

A
  • Nasal pharynx
  • Oral pharynx
  • Laryngo pharynx
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20
Q

Two sections of the pharynx that meets

A

Nasopharynx and laryngo pharynx

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21
Q

Where is the larynx located

A

Top of trachea (vocal cords)

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22
Q

3 muscles and cartilages that support structure of larynx:

A
  • Cricoid
  • Corniculate
  • Arytenoid
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23
Q

How is pitch of voice determined

A

Length, thickness, elasticity and tension of vocal cords

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24
Q

Function of testosterone in larynx

A

Steroid hormones like testosterone in males can result in an Adam’s apple and deeper voice

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25
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx that makes the voice sound raspy, or person loses voice to speak

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26
Q

Glottis

A

Part of larynx that consists of vocal cords

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27
Q

Epiglottis

A

Allows air to enter larynx

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28
Q

How does epiglottis work so you don’t choke when eating

A

It will close during ingestion so that you do not choke when you eat

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29
Q

Epiglottis malfunction

A

Inability to close properly

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30
Q

Why does trachea not collapse

A

Contains cylindrical cartilage (C rings) so it holds trachea open and does not collapse

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31
Q

Trachea wall

A

Contains mucus which traps debris and humidifies air. As well as cilia which sweep debris upwards for it to be coughed out or swallowed

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32
Q

What cells creates mucus

A

Goblet cells

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33
Q

Bronchi

A

Two main divisions of trachea

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34
Q

Bronchioles

A

Many smaller branching tubes inside lungs made of smooth muscle with alveoli attached

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35
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs attached to bronchioles which are connected to circulatory system through pulmonary capillaries

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36
Q

How thick are alveoli

A

1 cell layer thick

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37
Q

How many alveoli in each lung

A

700 million

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38
Q

Pros of alveoli being surrounded by pulmonary capillaries

A

Results in high surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange

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39
Q

Lipoprotein/surfactant in alveoli

A

Prevents alveoli from sticking together and decreases surface tension

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40
Q

Stretch receptors in alveoli

A

Detects when lungs are saturated with air

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41
Q

Lungs

A

Spongy tissue that sits within thoracic cavity

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42
Q

How many lobes does left lung have

A

2 and contains space for heart called cardiac notch

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43
Q

How many lobes does right lung have

A

3

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44
Q

Serous fluid

A

Lubricates lung during breathing

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45
Q

Where do lungs sit

A

Thoracic (chest) cavity

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46
Q

2 membranes of lung

A

Outer pleural and inner pleural membrane

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47
Q

Outer pleural membrane

A

AKA parietal pleura which adheres to chest and diaphragm

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48
Q

Inner pleural membrane

A

AKA visceral pleura that is fused to lungs

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49
Q

Function of lung membranes

A

Maintain lung pressure to be slightly lower than atmospheric pressure which is 760mm of Hg

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50
Q

What are the ribs hinged to and why

A

Vertebrae and sternum so it can move up and outwards

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51
Q

Diaphragm shape

A

Dome shaped

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52
Q

Diaphragm shape

A

Dome shaped

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53
Q

Diaphragm function

A

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

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54
Q

Chemoreceptors in medulla, carotid and aortic bodies function

A

Responds to low O2, high CO2, and high H ion concentrations in blood

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55
Q

What part of the brain controls respiration

A

Medulla oblongata

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56
Q

Primary stimuli to cause breathing to occur

A

High concentrations of CO2 and hydrogen ions

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57
Q

Inhalation

A

Process of breathing in. It is an active process using ATP. Pressure in lungs lower than atmospheric pressure causing air to enter

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58
Q

What is sensed when air is exhaled out lungs

A

Aortic and carotid bodies and medulla senses high CO2 and high H concentration in blood

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59
Q

Results of phrenic nerve stimulation INHALATION (3):

A
  • Ribs contract to move up and outwards which increase volume of chest cavity
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Pressure in lungs drop lower
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60
Q

Exhalation

A

Process of breathing out. It is a passive process so NO ATP

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61
Q

When air enters lungs, what happens to alveoli

A

Becomes saturated/filled with air and expands

62
Q

Stretch receptors of alveolar walls during exhalation

A

Sends nerve impulses to breathing centre of medulla oblangata. The nerve impulse is sent through vagus nerve

63
Q

Nerve impulses in exhalation after reaching breathing centre

A

It will stop sending impulse to ribs and diaphragm

64
Q

Results of nerve impulse stimulation EXHALATION (3):

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes and goes back to dome shape
  • Ribs move down and inwards
  • Stretch alveolar walls recoil and cause pressure in lungs to increase forcing air out of lungs
65
Q

What do premature babies usually lack

A

Sometimes lack the development of lipoprotein or surfactant due to early arrival

66
Q

Surfactant’s function

A

Prevents alveoli from sticking together. Therefore, if preemies lack this then they are unable to breathe when born

67
Q

Respirators

A

Mask or device worn over mouth and nose to protect respiratory system by filtering out dangerous substances

68
Q

Blue baby

A

Where baby has not had its first breath of air to inflate lungs causing baby to look blue

69
Q

What happens when a baby cries

A

It will inflate the lungs and the oval opening or the foramen oval closes

70
Q

What happens when oval opening or foramen oval closes

A

Seals right and left side of heart causing ride side to carry DEOXYGENATED blood and left side to carry OXYGENATED blood

71
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung caused by hole in pleural membrane cavity

72
Q

Dead air

A

Air that does not reach alveoli

73
Q

Dead space

A

Air that remains in lung

74
Q

Residual volume

A

Air which does not empty from lungs

75
Q

Tidal volume

A

Normal amount of air in one normal breath

76
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out during one single breath

77
Q

Summary for saturation of O2 (2):

A
  • Hb becomes saturated with oxygen and holds (HbO2) and holds on to O2 tightly (high O2 tension) in lungs
  • HbO2 becomes less saturated rapidly give up O2 and releases O2 easily at muscle tissue
78
Q

Summary for pH

A

Hb holds onto O2 (HbO2) more tightly when blood pH is neutral in lungs

79
Q

Lung pH

80
Q

Muscle tissue pH

81
Q

Summary for temperature (2):

A
  • Hb holds onto O2 more tightly when blood is cooler in lungs
  • Hb release O2 readily when blood is warmer in muscle tissue
82
Q

Lung temperature

83
Q

Muscle tissue temperature

84
Q

Non-respiratory movements

A

Do not involve gas exchange

85
Q

Examples of non-respiratory movements

A

Coughing, sneezing, hiccup, yawn

86
Q

Illness related to respiratory system

A

Hyperventilation which is rapid or dep breathing usually caused by anxiety or panic

87
Q

Hypoxia

A

Overall lack of oxygen in tissues and organs

88
Q

Asphyxia

A

Unable to breathe normally which causes hypoxia

89
Q

Other respiratory illnesses

A

Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis. cystic fibrosis

90
Q

Equation that shows how oxygen is used in body

A

O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O

+ ATP

91
Q

Factors that affect how much oxygen is needed by body (3):

A
  • How much energy is required
  • Eating/digestion
  • Sleep/rest
92
Q

4 processes of respiration

A
  • Breathing (entrance/exit of air in and out of lungs)
  • External respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 of air and pulmonary capillaries and alveoli)
  • Internal respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 of blood and tissue fluid at tissue capillary)
  • Cellular respiration (production of ATP in cells using mitochondria)
93
Q

Normal resting breathing rate

A

14-20 times/min

94
Q

Major difference between inspired and expired air

A

Inspired is O2 and expired is CO2

95
Q

Tubes and passages air goes through to get to lung sacs (8):

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Nasal cavities
  • Nasal pharynx
  • Pharynx
  • Glottis
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
96
Q

Oral cavity passage

A

Air through mouth to pharynx

97
Q

Nasal cavity function

A

Filters, warms and moistens air

98
Q

Nasal pharynx passage

A

Air from nose to throat

99
Q

Pharynx passage

A

Air through throat

100
Q

Glottis function

A

Opening of trachea

101
Q

Trachea passage

A

Air from pharynx to thoracic cavity

102
Q

Bronchi passage

A

air to each lung

103
Q

Bronchioles passage

A

Air to each alveoli

104
Q

Alveoli function

A

Air sacs for O2 and CO2 exchange

105
Q

Why must air entering lungs be almost completely saturated with water vapour

A

So that it does not withdraw H2O from cells lining the alveolar cells. It prevents drying of cells

106
Q

Why can we see breath on cold day

A

Air contains H2O so that it condenses when it hits air so we can see the particles

107
Q

How do we smell

A

Through ciliated cells in upper nasal cavity. The nerves from cells to brain interpret different smells

108
Q

Why does our nose run when we cry

A

Tear ducts drain into nasal cavity

109
Q

Where do the Eustachian tubes lead

A

Into nasal pharynx from middle ear

110
Q

Which 2 channels cross in pharynx

A

Trachea (contains air) in the front and the esophagus (contains food) behind trachea

111
Q

How is windpipe/trachea kept free of debris

A

Ciliated mucus membrane

112
Q

How does smoking affect trachea

A

Destroys/clogs cilia

113
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Tube inserted through trachea for breathing

114
Q

How is bronchioles different from bronchi

A

Smaller tubes, no cartilage, no cilia but contains smooth muscle

115
Q

How do each bronchiole end

A

With an alveoli

116
Q

Why does alveoli not collapse

A

Layers of lipoprotein which lowers surface tension

117
Q

Arterioles passage

A

To lung to increase CO2 and decrease O2

118
Q

Venules passage

A

Away from lungs to increase O2 and decrease CO2

119
Q

What type of blood is carried in pulmonary arteries

A

Deoxygenated

120
Q

What type of blood is carried in pulmonary veins

A

Oxygenated

121
Q

What are lungs enclosed by

A

Pleural membranes

122
Q

What separates the membranes

A

Intra pleural fluid

123
Q

Significance of intra pleural fluid

A

Reduces friction and resistance

124
Q

What happens when membrane is punctured and air enters space

A

Lung will collapse

125
Q

What forms wall of chest cavity

A

Ribs/sternum on sides (Front and back) and the diaphragm on bottom

126
Q

Movement of diaphragm when diaphragm muscle contracts

127
Q

Movement of ribcage when muscle of ribs contract

A

Up and outwards

128
Q

What happens to size of chest and lungs when diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract

A

Size of chest and lungs expand and increases

129
Q

What is meant by breathing by negative pressure

A

Creation of partial vacuum that sucks in air into lungs

130
Q

What chemicals stimulate inspiration

A

CO2 and H+

131
Q

Which part of your brain detects chemicals that stimulate inspiration

A

Medulla oblongata

132
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Stimulates medulla to cause diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract

133
Q

How is decrease in oxygen detected

A

Through chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies

134
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Signals medulla to stop sending signals to inhibit respiration centre. Lack of stimulation causes rib muscles and diaphragm to relax AKA expiration

135
Q

Why is it impossible to commit suicide by holding your breath

A

CO2 builds up in blood and forces us to breathe

136
Q

Dead space

A

Space containing air not used in gas exchange

137
Q

Which parts of respiratory system represent dead space

A

Trachea, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles

138
Q

Residual air

A

Air that never leaves lungs

139
Q

Volume of air we inhale

140
Q

How much volume of air reaches alveoli

141
Q

Why can’t we breathe through very long tube

A

An increase in dead space will cause air to never reach alveoli

142
Q

Why O2 diffuses in blood and CO2 diffuses out

A

O2 into blood = lower O2 partial pressure

CO2 into air = lower CO2 partial pressure

143
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in blood

A

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

144
Q

How is carbon dioxide reformed

A

Carbonic anhydrase works on H+ + HCO3- and creates H2O + CO2

145
Q

Enzyme that speeds up chemical reaction

A

CArbonic anhydrase

146
Q

Oxygen concentration in lungs

147
Q

Why does hemoglobin lose oxygen in tissues (3)

A
  • pH is more acidic
  • Temp is higher
  • Partial pressure of O2 is lower
148
Q

Why is temperature warmer in tissues

A

Because of metabolism reducing heat

149
Q

What happens to oxyhemoglobin at tissue capillary

A

Oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes hemoglobin. Partial pressure of oxygen is lower because cells use oxygen for cellular respiration

150
Q

Oxygen function in tissues

A

Cellular metabolism and respiration

151
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide at tissue capillary

A

Carbon dioxide increases due to product from cellular respiration

152
Q

How is blood pH kept constant

A

Hemoglobin acts as buffer

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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