RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
4 functions of respiratory system:
A
- Exchanges oxygen for cells and removes carbon dioxide from cells/tissues
- Production of vocal sounds
- Provides sense of smell through olfactory sacs
- Regulation of blood pH
2
Q
Respiration
A
Process of gas exchange
3
Q
Inhalation
A
Movement of air into lungs
4
Q
Exhalation
A
Removal of air out of lungs
5
Q
External respiration
A
Exchange of O2 and CO2 gas between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
6
Q
Internal respiration
A
Exchange of O2 and CO2 gas between blood and muscle cells
7
Q
Cellular respiration
A
O2 and glucose yields CO2 and H2O and ATP
8
Q
Where does cellular respiration occur
A
Mitochondria
9
Q
Organs of the upper respiratory tract
A
Nose, sinuses, pharynx
10
Q
Organs of the lower respiratory tract
A
Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
11
Q
What helps structure of the nose
A
Bones and cartilages and it contains two openings (nostrils)
12
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Hollow space behind the nose
13
Q
Nasal septum
A
Divides the done (bone)
14
Q
4 purposes of nasal cavity:
A
- Alternate air passage
- Warms air using blood vessels
- Filters air using hairs, cilia, and mucus
- Humidifies air using mucus
15
Q
Deviated septum
A
When nasal septum is significantly displaced to one side, making one nasal air passage smaller than the other
16
Q
Nasal concha
A
Bones that divide nasal cavity, support mucus membrane, and increase surface area
17
Q
Paranasal sinuses
A
Space within bones that reduce weight of skull
18
Q
Where is the pharynx located
A
Behind oral cavity
19
Q
3 sections of the pharynx:
A
- Nasal pharynx
- Oral pharynx
- Laryngo pharynx
20
Q
Two sections of the pharynx that meets
A
Nasopharynx and laryngo pharynx
21
Q
Where is the larynx located
A
Top of trachea (vocal cords)
22
Q
3 muscles and cartilages that support structure of larynx:
A
- Cricoid
- Corniculate
- Arytenoid
23
Q
How is pitch of voice determined
A
Length, thickness, elasticity and tension of vocal cords
24
Q
Function of testosterone in larynx
A
Steroid hormones like testosterone in males can result in an Adam’s apple and deeper voice
25
Laryngitis
Inflammation of larynx that makes the voice sound raspy, or person loses voice to speak
26
Glottis
Part of larynx that consists of vocal cords
27
Epiglottis
Allows air to enter larynx
28
How does epiglottis work so you don’t choke when eating
It will close during ingestion so that you do not choke when you eat
29
Epiglottis malfunction
Inability to close properly
30
Why does trachea not collapse
Contains cylindrical cartilage (C rings) so it holds trachea open and does not collapse
31
Trachea wall
Contains mucus which traps debris and humidifies air. As well as cilia which sweep debris upwards for it to be coughed out or swallowed
32
What cells creates mucus
Goblet cells
33
Bronchi
Two main divisions of trachea
34
Bronchioles
Many smaller branching tubes inside lungs made of smooth muscle with alveoli attached
35
Alveoli
Air sacs attached to bronchioles which are connected to circulatory system through pulmonary capillaries
36
How thick are alveoli
1 cell layer thick
37
How many alveoli in each lung
700 million
38
Pros of alveoli being surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
Results in high surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange
39
Lipoprotein/surfactant in alveoli
Prevents alveoli from sticking together and decreases surface tension
40
Stretch receptors in alveoli
Detects when lungs are saturated with air
41
Lungs
Spongy tissue that sits within thoracic cavity
42
How many lobes does left lung have
2 and contains space for heart called cardiac notch
43
How many lobes does right lung have
3
44
Serous fluid
Lubricates lung during breathing
45
Where do lungs sit
Thoracic (chest) cavity
46
2 membranes of lung
Outer pleural and inner pleural membrane
47
Outer pleural membrane
AKA parietal pleura which adheres to chest and diaphragm
48
Inner pleural membrane
AKA visceral pleura that is fused to lungs
49
Function of lung membranes
Maintain lung pressure to be slightly lower than atmospheric pressure which is 760mm of Hg
50
What are the ribs hinged to and why
Vertebrae and sternum so it can move up and outwards
51
Diaphragm shape
Dome shaped
52
Diaphragm shape
Dome shaped
53
Diaphragm function
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
54
Chemoreceptors in medulla, carotid and aortic bodies function
Responds to low O2, high CO2, and high H ion concentrations in blood
55
What part of the brain controls respiration
Medulla oblongata
56
Primary stimuli to cause breathing to occur
High concentrations of CO2 and hydrogen ions
57
Inhalation
Process of breathing in. It is an active process using ATP. Pressure in lungs lower than atmospheric pressure causing air to enter
58
What is sensed when air is exhaled out lungs
Aortic and carotid bodies and medulla senses high CO2 and high H concentration in blood
59
Results of phrenic nerve stimulation INHALATION (3):
- Ribs contract to move up and outwards which increase volume of chest cavity
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens
- Pressure in lungs drop lower
60
Exhalation
Process of breathing out. It is a passive process so NO ATP
61
When air enters lungs, what happens to alveoli
Becomes saturated/filled with air and expands
62
Stretch receptors of alveolar walls during exhalation
Sends nerve impulses to breathing centre of medulla oblangata. The nerve impulse is sent through vagus nerve
63
Nerve impulses in exhalation after reaching breathing centre
It will stop sending impulse to ribs and diaphragm
64
Results of nerve impulse stimulation EXHALATION (3):
- Diaphragm relaxes and goes back to dome shape
- Ribs move down and inwards
- Stretch alveolar walls recoil and cause pressure in lungs to increase forcing air out of lungs
65
What do premature babies usually lack
Sometimes lack the development of lipoprotein or surfactant due to early arrival
66
Surfactant’s function
Prevents alveoli from sticking together. Therefore, if preemies lack this then they are unable to breathe when born
67
Respirators
Mask or device worn over mouth and nose to protect respiratory system by filtering out dangerous substances
68
Blue baby
Where baby has not had its first breath of air to inflate lungs causing baby to look blue
69
What happens when a baby cries
It will inflate the lungs and the oval opening or the foramen oval closes
70
What happens when oval opening or foramen oval closes
Seals right and left side of heart causing ride side to carry DEOXYGENATED blood and left side to carry OXYGENATED blood
71
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung caused by hole in pleural membrane cavity
72
Dead air
Air that does not reach alveoli
73
Dead space
Air that remains in lung
74
Residual volume
Air which does not empty from lungs
75
Tidal volume
Normal amount of air in one normal breath
76
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out during one single breath
77
Summary for saturation of O2 (2):
- Hb becomes saturated with oxygen and holds (HbO2) and holds on to O2 tightly (high O2 tension) in lungs
- HbO2 becomes less saturated rapidly give up O2 and releases O2 easily at muscle tissue
78
Summary for pH
Hb holds onto O2 (HbO2) more tightly when blood pH is neutral in lungs
79
Lung pH
7.4
80
Muscle tissue pH
7.38
81
Summary for temperature (2):
- Hb holds onto O2 more tightly when blood is cooler in lungs
- Hb release O2 readily when blood is warmer in muscle tissue
82
Lung temperature
37C
83
Muscle tissue temperature
38C
84
Non-respiratory movements
Do not involve gas exchange
85
Examples of non-respiratory movements
Coughing, sneezing, hiccup, yawn
86
Illness related to respiratory system
Hyperventilation which is rapid or dep breathing usually caused by anxiety or panic
87
Hypoxia
Overall lack of oxygen in tissues and organs
88
Asphyxia
Unable to breathe normally which causes hypoxia
89
Other respiratory illnesses
Asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis. cystic fibrosis
90
Equation that shows how oxygen is used in body
O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O
| + ATP
91
Factors that affect how much oxygen is needed by body (3):
- How much energy is required
- Eating/digestion
- Sleep/rest
92
4 processes of respiration
- Breathing (entrance/exit of air in and out of lungs)
- External respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 of air and pulmonary capillaries and alveoli)
- Internal respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 of blood and tissue fluid at tissue capillary)
- Cellular respiration (production of ATP in cells using mitochondria)
93
Normal resting breathing rate
14-20 times/min
94
Major difference between inspired and expired air
Inspired is O2 and expired is CO2
95
Tubes and passages air goes through to get to lung sacs (8):
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavities
- Nasal pharynx
- Pharynx
- Glottis
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
96
Oral cavity passage
Air through mouth to pharynx
97
Nasal cavity function
Filters, warms and moistens air
98
Nasal pharynx passage
Air from nose to throat
99
Pharynx passage
Air through throat
100
Glottis function
Opening of trachea
101
Trachea passage
Air from pharynx to thoracic cavity
102
Bronchi passage
air to each lung
103
Bronchioles passage
Air to each alveoli
104
Alveoli function
Air sacs for O2 and CO2 exchange
105
Why must air entering lungs be almost completely saturated with water vapour
So that it does not withdraw H2O from cells lining the alveolar cells. It prevents drying of cells
106
Why can we see breath on cold day
Air contains H2O so that it condenses when it hits air so we can see the particles
107
How do we smell
Through ciliated cells in upper nasal cavity. The nerves from cells to brain interpret different smells
108
Why does our nose run when we cry
Tear ducts drain into nasal cavity
109
Where do the Eustachian tubes lead
Into nasal pharynx from middle ear
110
Which 2 channels cross in pharynx
Trachea (contains air) in the front and the esophagus (contains food) behind trachea
111
How is windpipe/trachea kept free of debris
Ciliated mucus membrane
112
How does smoking affect trachea
Destroys/clogs cilia
113
Tracheotomy
Tube inserted through trachea for breathing
114
How is bronchioles different from bronchi
Smaller tubes, no cartilage, no cilia but contains smooth muscle
115
How do each bronchiole end
With an alveoli
116
Why does alveoli not collapse
Layers of lipoprotein which lowers surface tension
117
Arterioles passage
To lung to increase CO2 and decrease O2
118
Venules passage
Away from lungs to increase O2 and decrease CO2
119
What type of blood is carried in pulmonary arteries
Deoxygenated
120
What type of blood is carried in pulmonary veins
Oxygenated
121
What are lungs enclosed by
Pleural membranes
122
What separates the membranes
Intra pleural fluid
123
Significance of intra pleural fluid
Reduces friction and resistance
124
What happens when membrane is punctured and air enters space
Lung will collapse
125
What forms wall of chest cavity
Ribs/sternum on sides (Front and back) and the diaphragm on bottom
126
Movement of diaphragm when diaphragm muscle contracts
Downwards
127
Movement of ribcage when muscle of ribs contract
Up and outwards
128
What happens to size of chest and lungs when diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract
Size of chest and lungs expand and increases
129
What is meant by breathing by negative pressure
Creation of partial vacuum that sucks in air into lungs
130
What chemicals stimulate inspiration
CO2 and H+
131
Which part of your brain detects chemicals that stimulate inspiration
Medulla oblongata
132
Phrenic nerve
Stimulates medulla to cause diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract
133
How is decrease in oxygen detected
Through chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
134
Vagus nerve
Signals medulla to stop sending signals to inhibit respiration centre. Lack of stimulation causes rib muscles and diaphragm to relax AKA expiration
135
Why is it impossible to commit suicide by holding your breath
CO2 builds up in blood and forces us to breathe
136
Dead space
Space containing air not used in gas exchange
137
Which parts of respiratory system represent dead space
Trachea, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles
138
Residual air
Air that never leaves lungs
139
Volume of air we inhale
500cc
140
How much volume of air reaches alveoli
350cc
141
Why can't we breathe through very long tube
An increase in dead space will cause air to never reach alveoli
142
Why O2 diffuses in blood and CO2 diffuses out
O2 into blood = lower O2 partial pressure
| CO2 into air = lower CO2 partial pressure
143
How is carbon dioxide carried in blood
HCO3 (bicarbonate)
144
How is carbon dioxide reformed
Carbonic anhydrase works on H+ + HCO3- and creates H2O + CO2
145
Enzyme that speeds up chemical reaction
CArbonic anhydrase
146
Oxygen concentration in lungs
50mmHg
147
Why does hemoglobin lose oxygen in tissues (3)
- pH is more acidic
- Temp is higher
- Partial pressure of O2 is lower
148
Why is temperature warmer in tissues
Because of metabolism reducing heat
149
What happens to oxyhemoglobin at tissue capillary
Oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes hemoglobin. Partial pressure of oxygen is lower because cells use oxygen for cellular respiration
150
Oxygen function in tissues
Cellular metabolism and respiration
151
What happens to carbon dioxide at tissue capillary
Carbon dioxide increases due to product from cellular respiration
152
How is blood pH kept constant
Hemoglobin acts as buffer
