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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > CELLS TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CELLS TEST REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Although different living things may be unlike, they are all built in the same way. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

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2
Q

How is our knowledge on cells done through?

A

Microscopes

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3
Q

What can you view with a compound microscope?

A

When cells are stained, we can view the cell membrane and nucleus.

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4
Q

What can we view with an electron microscope?

A

We can view all organelles inside the cell

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5
Q

Name of English scientist from 1665 and what did he do?

A

Robert Hooke. He described cells from his observations of cork slices and used the word CELL.

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6
Q

What does cell mean?

A

Small room

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7
Q

Name of Dutch amateur scientist and what did he discover?

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. He discovered microscopic organisms in water.

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8
Q

Name of German scientists and what were they the first to say?

A

Schleiden and Schwann. They were the first to say that all organisms are made of 1 or more cells (cell theory).

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9
Q

Name of German biologist and what did he state?

A

Virchow. He stated that all cells come from division of pre-existing cells.

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10
Q

Cells are the___

A

Cells are the building blocks of life

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11
Q

The cell theory can be summarized as (3)

A
  • All living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
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12
Q

Cells come in many shapes and sizes, although most are ___

A

Microscopic

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13
Q

General size of cells in cm

A

About 0.001cm

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14
Q

What are the smallest cells of the microorganism called and what is it

A

Microplasma. They are parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can cause diseases. They are 0.003mm.

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15
Q

Can some smells be large? If so what type of cells?

A

Yes, giant algae cells

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16
Q

How many red blood cells do we produce every second?

A

2.5 million.

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17
Q

How many skin cells do each square cm of skin contain?

A

150,000 skin cells.

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18
Q

How many cells are humans composed of

A

50 to 100 trillion cells.

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19
Q

Cell functions, all cells will (3)

A
  • Grow
  • Reproduce
  • Interact with the environment
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20
Q

What type of organisms are prokaryotes (2)

A

Bacteria and blue algae

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21
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single celled organisms that lack both a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (lysosomes, mitochondria, etc)

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22
Q

Shape of prokaryotic DNA

A

Circular

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23
Q

What type of organisms are eukaryotes (4)

A

Plants, animals, protists, and fungi.

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24
Q

What are eukaryotes

A

Cells that contain a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

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25
Q

How are the genetic materials in eukaryotes organized into

A

Chromosomes

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26
Q

What do prokaryotic cells include in the cell (4)

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Small ribosomes
  • Flagellum (depending on the cell).
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27
Q

What do eukaryotic cells in ANIMALS include in the cell (10)

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • ER
  • Large ribosomes
  • Small vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
  • Flagellum
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28
Q

What do eukaryotic cells in PLANTS include in the cell (10)

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • ER
  • Large ribosomes
  • Large central vacuoles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
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29
Q

What do eukaryotic cells in ANIMALS NOT included in the cell (2)

A
  • Cell wall

- Chloroplast

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30
Q

What do eukaryotic cells in PLANTS NOT included in the cell (2)

A
  • Lysosomes

- Flagellum

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31
Q

Size of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

A

Small

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32
Q

Size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cell

A

Large

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33
Q

Size of vacuoles in a eukaryotic animal cell

A

Small

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34
Q

Do prokaryotic cells always contain a flagellum

A

No, it varies on the cell type.

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35
Q

Where are cell walls found?

A

Plants and bacteria.

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36
Q

What are cell walls composed of?

A

300 glucose molecules in a chain called cellulose (polysaccharide).

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37
Q

Function of cell walls?

A

Support and structure of cell.

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38
Q

Functions of a cell membrane

A

Controlling materials in and out of cell.

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39
Q

Parts of a cell membrane (5)

A

Phosphate group, glycolipid, glycoprotein, receptor protein, channel protein.

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40
Q

What are cells surrounded by

A

Thin membrane of lipid and protein.

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41
Q

Cell membrane is composed side by side ____ arranged in a ____

A

Composed side by side phospholipid arranged in a bilayer. It has the light consistency of light oil.

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42
Q

What is the solid part of a cell membrane?

A

Variety of protein.

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43
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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44
Q

What is an ER

A

System of membranous tubular canals that begins outside the nucleus and branches throughout the cytoplasm.

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45
Q

What does the ER do

A

Can be smooth or rough. Used for synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins

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46
Q

What do the channels of the ER provide (2)

A

Storage for products that are synthesized and for transportation routes.

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47
Q

How does ER transport materials through

A

Vesicles to other organelles.

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48
Q

What are the two types of ER

A

Rough and smooth ER

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49
Q

If there are ribosomes attached to the ER, what type of ER is it

A

Rough ER

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50
Q

Functions of rough ER and examples

A

Protein synthesis of specialized proteins such as insulin, glucagon, or growth hormones.

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51
Q

If there are no ribosomes attached to the ER, then what is it called

A

Smooth ER

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52
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis

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53
Q

Why are synthesis of lipids important (3)

A

They are required for the growth of cell membrane, to make sex hormones, and to detoxify drugs and chemicals.

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54
Q

What are the main components of membranes throughout cell that are synthesized in smooth ER

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol.

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55
Q

What are the parts of a chloroplast (6)

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
  • Stroma
  • Lamella
  • Granum
  • Thylakoid
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56
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Double membrane bound organelles in which photosynthesis occurs.

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57
Q

What does chlorophyl do?

A

Chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun to provide the energy required for reducing CO2 to glucose.

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58
Q

Formula to photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O  O2 + C6H12O6

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59
Q

What are the membranous stacks in a chloroplast?

A

Granum and that is where the chlorophyl is located.

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60
Q

What is the coin like structures in a chloroplast called

A

Thylakoid

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61
Q

What is a stroma in a chloroplast

A

It is where the carbohydrates are produced and are the cytoplasm within chloroplasts.

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62
Q

Where are plastids found

A

Plant cells only.

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63
Q

What are plastids?

A

Membrane bound structures that contain the pigments of plant cells colors.

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64
Q

What color are chloroplasts

A

Green

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65
Q

What is chromoplast

A

Pigment synthesis

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66
Q

What color do carotene produce

A

Orange

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67
Q

What color do xanthophylls produce

A

Yellow

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68
Q

What do ribosomes consist of

A

Proteins and rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

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69
Q

How many non-identical subunits are each ribosome made of

A

2

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70
Q

Where is rRNA produced

A

Nucleolus

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71
Q

Parts of a ribosome

A

Produced in nucleolus, joined together with proteins then migrate through nuclear pore to cytoplasm.

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72
Q

Some ribosomes attach to the ER called

A

Rough ER

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73
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site for protein synthesis

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74
Q

What are free floating within the cytoplasm

A

Polysomes or polyribosomes.

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75
Q

What do ribosomes produce

A

General proteins that will only be used INSIDE the cell.

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76
Q

How many central vacuoles do plant cells contain

A

1 large central vacuole

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77
Q

Size of vacuole in animal cell compared to plant

A

Animal cells have many vacuoles but are smaller in size.

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78
Q

Plant cells central vacuole functions (3)

A
  • Water storage
  • Food storage
  • Waste storage
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79
Q

How is the cell support of vacuoles maintained

A

Turgor pressure. When vacuole is filled, the plant remains rigid.

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80
Q

What is a vesicle

A

Small vacuole

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81
Q

Function for vesicles

A

Transportation and storage of materials like enzymes, hormones, and proteins)

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82
Q

What are secretory vesicles

A

Vesicles that take product out of the cell.

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83
Q

What are transport vesicles

A

Vesicles that take product from the ER to the Golgi

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84
Q

How are vesicles and vacuoles formed (3)

A
  • Pinch off from the golgi
  • Pinch off from the ER
  • Endocytosis of the cell membrane called pinocytosis
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85
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by making them into a vesicle.

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86
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Process where liquid droplets are ingested by living cells.

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87
Q

Parts of a mitochondria (4)

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
  • Cristae (folds)
  • Matrix (fluid)
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88
Q

Fact about mitochondria

A

2nd largest organelle

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89
Q

Explain the structure of a mitochondria

A

Surrounded by a double layered membrane, the inner and outer. The inner membrane is in folds called cristae.

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90
Q

Cristae function

A

Enzymes responsible for cellular respiration are arranged in an assembly line on the cristae.

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91
Q

Where is ATP produced

A

On the cristae in a mitochondria.

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92
Q

Overall function for a mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration

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93
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

O2 + C6H12O6  H2O + CO2 + ATP

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94
Q

How many molecules of ATP are formed for every molecule of sugar used in cellular respiration

A

38

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95
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Specialized vesicles formed by the golgi.

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96
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Powerful hydrolytic enzymes

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97
Q

How many enzymes do lysosomes contain and what can they digest (4)

A
  1. They can digest proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates
98
Q

Name of the process that lysosomes use to destroy bacteria

A

Endocytosis  pinocytosis

99
Q

Functions for lysosomes (3)

A
  • Cellular digestion
  • Auto digestion of disposal of damaged cell components
  • Suicide sacs where they break down a whole cell when the cell dies
100
Q

Parts of a golgi (2)

A

Secretory vesicles (leaves cell), golgi

101
Q

What is a golgi structure

A

Stacks of saccules and hollow cavities enclosed by membranes which are often continuous with the membranes of the ER

102
Q

What is the stack in a golgi made of

A

Half dozen or more saccules.

103
Q

What do the sac of stacks in organelles contain

A

Enzymes that modify proteins as they pass.

104
Q

Function for the golgi (5)

A

Modifies, packages, assembles, stores and allows secretion of substances.

105
Q

Advanced function for golgi

A

Receives newly manufactured protein on the surface. The protein is sorted out and packaged into secretory vesicles that pinch off the outer surface of saccules. Then the vesicles can be transported where they are needed within cell or move to cell membrane for export to the outside by endocytosis.

106
Q

Parts of a nucleus (4)

A
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromosomes
  • Nuclear membrane/Envelope
  • Nuclear pore
107
Q

Function of a nucleus

A

Store cell’s hereditary material or DNA that helps control cells metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Controls cell activity

108
Q

What is the genetic info in nucleus called

A

Chromosomes

109
Q

Chromosome function

A

Package of DNA during cell division and control protein synthesis

110
Q

What is the double membrane of nucleus made of

A

Phospholipid bilayers

111
Q

Structure of nuclear envelope/membrane

A

Double membrane of 2 phospholipid bilayers called nuclear pores that allow molecules in and out of cell

112
Q

Examples of substances that enter or exit the nucleus and what is the exception (2)

A

RNA and protein are allowed. Not DNA because it is too big.

113
Q

What is something major inside the nucleus and its function

A

Nucleolus. Its function is to synthesize and store rRNA.

114
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Network of filamentous proteins structures within the cell that helps it maintain shape, anchor organelles, or help the organelles move as necessary.

115
Q

Primary constituents of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules and microfilaments.

116
Q

What is the inside of the cytoskeleton like

A

There is a fluid interior called the cytoplasm which assists in maintaining cell shape, as well as chemicals and raw materials for cell activity.

117
Q

Where are basal bodies found

A

Only in animal cells

118
Q

Structure of a basal body

A

9 triplet plus 1 microtubule arrangement

119
Q

Function of a basal body

A

To direct the formation of cilia and flagella

120
Q

Where type of cells are centrioles found

A

Only found in animal cells

121
Q

What do centrioles look like

A

Two cylindrical bodies located near the nucleus

122
Q

Structure of a centriole

A

Short cylinders with a 9 triplet plus 0 arrangement of microtubules

123
Q

How many pairs of centrioles do animal cells have

A

1

124
Q

Functions of a centriole (2)

A

Give rise to basal bodies which direct the formation of cilia or flagellum, and to assist the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.

125
Q

What do microfilaments look like

A

They are long, thin contractile rods that appear to be responsible for the movement of cells (external and internal)

126
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Double filaments arranged in a helical pattern. Each filament consists of numerous globular proteins that are joined together.

127
Q

Function of microfilaments (2)

A

Anchoring organelles and moving them within cell. They are also used for cell movement and cytoskeleton structure

128
Q

What do microtubules look like

A

They are hollow, cylindrical tube-like structures that help give the cell its shape and form.

129
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Made up of 13 rows of globular proteins arranged to form hollow tube.

130
Q

Function of microtubules (4)

A
  • Moving materials within cell
  • Component of cytoskeleton
  • Used in spindle fibers (Cell division)
  • Component of flagellum or cilia for movement
131
Q

Common structure of cilia and flagella

A

Both have a 9 double plus 1 arrangement of microtubules

132
Q

Common function for cilia and flagella

A

Motility for cells

133
Q

What does cilia look like

A

Short, hair like projections that function in cell movement

134
Q

Where is cilia found and examples

A

Protists like paramecium, or in human respiratory trac

135
Q

How do cilia arise

A

Basal bodies

136
Q

Which are shorter cilia or flagella

A

Cilia

137
Q

How is movement on cilia achieved

A

When doublets slide along one another using ATP energy

138
Q

How does cilia beat

A

One direction

139
Q

How do flagella arise

A

Basal bodies

140
Q

How does flagella beat

A

Whip-like fashion

141
Q

How is movement on flagella achieved

A

When the microtubule doublets slide along one another using ATP energy

142
Q

Function for flagella

A

Movement

143
Q

Examples of cells with a flagella

A

Sperm, and protists like euglena

144
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of cell, forms barrier with outside environment

145
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Structural support in plant cell

146
Q

Function of centriole

A

Cell division in animals

147
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

In plants. Photosynthetic pigments that turn light, CO2 and H2O into glucose

148
Q

Function of chromosome

A

Packaging of DNA in nucleus. Found in cell division

149
Q

Function of cilia

A

On the outside of the cell that helps move materials

150
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Internal framework of microtubules and microfilaments that move substance in cell and anchor organelle

151
Q

Function of flagella

A

Locomotion in sperm and some single celled organisms

152
Q

Function of Golgi

A

Modifies proteins/hormones and packages them into vesicles or vacuoles

153
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Has hydrolytic enzymes for digesting foods, destroy waste, and cell digestion.

154
Q

Function of microfilament

A

Fibrous protein filaments (actin/myosin) used for structural support liken cytoskeleton

155
Q

Function of microtubule

A

Tubes of protein (actin/myosin) used in cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton

156
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Makes energy for cell by converting O2 and glucose to Co2 H2O and ATP

157
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA production and ribosomal subunit assembly in nucleus; stores rRNA subunits

158
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, controls all cell activity including cell division

159
Q

Function of plastids

A

Pigment containing vesicles in plants that function in photosynthesis. Most recognizable plastid is found in chloroplast

160
Q

Function of ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

161
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Anchors ribosomes in protein synthesis. Accepts and modifies new proteins and sends to golgi

162
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis

163
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

Water storage food storage waste storage

164
Q

Function of vesicle

A

Membrane bound sacs for transporting materials in and out of cell and are also used for storage in materials

165
Q

Does bacteria contain cell membrane

A

Yes

166
Q

Does bacteria contain cell wall

A

Yes

167
Q

Does bacteria contain nuclear envelope

A

No

168
Q

Does bacteria contain mitochondria

A

No

169
Q

Does bacteria contain ER

A

No

170
Q

Does bacteria contain ribosomes

A

Yes

171
Q

Does bacteria contain centrioles

A

No

172
Q

Do humans contain cell membrane

A

Yes

173
Q

Do humans contain cell wall

A

No

174
Q

Do humans contain nuclear envelope

A

Yes

175
Q

Do humans contain mitochondria

A

Yes

176
Q

Do humans contain ER

A

Yes

177
Q

Do humans contain ribosomes

A

Yes

178
Q

Do humans contain centrioles

A

Yes

179
Q

Plant cells have..

A

No centrioles but they still divide

180
Q

How are mitochondria like chloroplast

A

They are both concerned with energy

181
Q

What type of molecule forms a bilayer within membrane

A

Lipid

182
Q

Which organelle doesn’t contain membrane

A

Ribosomes

183
Q

Which of the following cell structures within cytoplasm is connected to nuclear envelope? (Nucleolus, chromatin, ER, vacuole, lysosome)

A

ER

184
Q

When secretory products are transported to the cell membrane for export they..

A

They move enclosed in a vesicle from the golgi

185
Q

Relationship between nucleolus and ribosomes

A

the RNA in the nucleolus becomes structural part of ribosomes

186
Q

What does the DNA within nucleus control

A

Protein synthesis

187
Q

Equation in word form for mitochondria

A

Carbohydrate + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

188
Q

Equation in word form for chloroplast

A

Carbon dioxide + water = carbohydrate + oxygen

189
Q

How do lysosomes and vacuoles work together

A

Lysosomes attach to vacuole and digest its contents through hydrolytic enzymes

190
Q

How do ER and Golgi work together

A

Products produced at the ER are sent to golgi for repackaging and secretion

191
Q

How do centrioles and cilia work together

A

Centrioles become basal bodies that produce cilia

192
Q

How do ribosomes and ER work together

A

Proteins are made at ribosome located on ER

193
Q

How do chloroplast and mitochondria work together

A

Carbohydrate made in the chloroplast is broken down in the mitochondria

194
Q

Internal framework that anchors organelles and give shape

A

Cytoskeleton

195
Q

Cellular ropes made of repeating units of protein actin

A

Microfilament

196
Q

Hollow tubes for transport, movement, made of actin/tublin proteins

A

Microtubules

197
Q

Vesciles pinch off these structures; proteins modified and packaged here

A

Golgi

198
Q

Cellular stomach

A

Lysosomes

199
Q

Most important plastid, turns CO2, H2O, sunlight into glucose

A

Chloroplast

200
Q

Selectively permeable doorman

A

Cell membrane

201
Q

Membrane bound spheres that store water and dissolve materials. Membrane surrounding it is called tonoplast

A

Vacuole

202
Q

Site of rRNA production in nucleus

A

Nucleolus

203
Q

Rod like structures that package DNA into near, discrete units; play role in cell division

A

Chromosome

204
Q

Used for movement, and to move material past cell. Move back and forth like oars

A

Cillia

205
Q

Site of lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

206
Q

Appearance due to being peppered by ribosomes. This membraneous network receives the just-synthesized protein and may modify it

A

Rough ER

207
Q

Brain of the cell

A

Nucleus

208
Q

Double membrane and converts glucose and O2 to produce energy in form of ATP

A

Mitochondria

209
Q

Encloses plant cell, strong cellulose fibers give rigidity

A

Cell wall

210
Q

Small organelles in plants that contain starch or pigment

A

Plastid

211
Q

Small membranous spheres that transport materials around cell, out of cell via exocytosis and into cell via endocytosis

A

Vesicle

212
Q

Made of rRNA and protein, these small numerous organelles are site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

213
Q

Twin barrel like structure in animal cells that play a role in cell division with 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules

A

Centrioles

214
Q

Whip like structure used for movement in unicellular organisms with a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubule

A

Flagella

215
Q

What component of cell membrane causes it to have a fluid consistency

A

Phospholipids

216
Q

What component of cell membrane causes it to be like a mosaic

A

Protein

217
Q

The cristae in mitochondria are the location for what

A

Enzymes

218
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by ___ which contains __ that open into cytoplasm

A

Enclosed by nuclear envelope which contains pores that open into cytoplasm

219
Q

3 organelles enclosed by a double membrane

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

220
Q

What do cells do when they get too large

A

Divide

221
Q

Why do cells divide

A

When they get too large, the volume changes with respect to its cell surface area

222
Q

4 ways that cells get around limits or constraints of SA to volume ratio + example:

A
  • Divide
  • Slow down metabolism (unfertilized chicken egg)
  • Get long and thin rather than fat (nerve cell)
  • Folds or projections in the cell membrane called microvilli (cells that are specialized for absorption)
223
Q

What would an object that has the worst cell size to volume ratio would be

A

Microscopic and spherical shape

224
Q

What would an object that has the best cell size to volume ratio would be

A

Microscopic and flat with folds or projections

225
Q

If the cell grows larger, then the surface area ___

A

Decreases rapidly in portion to to its volume

226
Q

If a cell has too much volume, then what

A

Diffusion rates are too insufficient to allow nutrients to enter a cell and waste to exit a cell because diffusion is too slow to transport molecules

227
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ

A

Eukaryotic cells have distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material while prokaryotic cells don’t have nucleus and have a free-floating genetic material.

228
Q

How do animal and plant cells differ in structure and why

A

Plant cells have a cell wall and a chloroplast, but animals do not. Plants need cell walls to maintain cell shape almost as if each cell has its own exoskeleton. It allows the plants to stand without bones. Animal cells do not need cell wall because they have bone, cartilage, muscles that give them shape. Animals don’t have a chloroplast because animals get sugar from the food they eat whereas plants need photosynthesis to get sunlight, CO2 and water.

229
Q

Relationship between golgi and ribosome

A

Golgi process, package, modify, storage and ship out proteins made by ribosome

230
Q

Relationship between Smooth er and golgi

A

Golgi process, package, modify, store and ship out lipids made by smooth er

231
Q

Relationship between rough er and golgi

A

Golgi process, package, modify, store and ship out proteins made by rough er

232
Q

Relationship between vesicle and cell membrane

A

Cell membrane produce vesicles or release vesicles out of cell

233
Q

Relationship between lysosome and cell membrane

A

Lysosome fuse with cell membrane and release cell debris out of cell by endocytosis

234
Q

Relationship between chromosome and lysosome

A

Chromosome contain genetic blueprints necessary to build lysosome (hydrolytic enyzyme)

235
Q

Relationship between chromosome and vesicle

A

Chromosome contain genetic blueprints necessary to build vesicle (phospholipid)

236
Q

Relationship between cell membrane and vacuole

A

Cell membrane forms vacuole to store H2O, nutrients or waste by endocytosis

237
Q

Relationship between nuclear membrane and chromosome

A

Nuclear membrane keeps chromosomes inside nucleus

238
Q

Relationship between mitochondria and flagellum

A

Mitochondria provides ATP energy that is used by flagellum to move

239
Q

Relationship between centrioles and flagellum

A

Centrioles are the most immature portion of flagellum

240
Q

Relationship between chromosome and ribosome

A

Chromosome contain necessary blue prints to build a ribosome (rRNA and protein)

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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