CELLS TEST REVIEW Flashcards
What is the cell theory?
Although different living things may be unlike, they are all built in the same way. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
How is our knowledge on cells done through?
Microscopes
What can you view with a compound microscope?
When cells are stained, we can view the cell membrane and nucleus.
What can we view with an electron microscope?
We can view all organelles inside the cell
Name of English scientist from 1665 and what did he do?
Robert Hooke. He described cells from his observations of cork slices and used the word CELL.
What does cell mean?
Small room
Name of Dutch amateur scientist and what did he discover?
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. He discovered microscopic organisms in water.
Name of German scientists and what were they the first to say?
Schleiden and Schwann. They were the first to say that all organisms are made of 1 or more cells (cell theory).
Name of German biologist and what did he state?
Virchow. He stated that all cells come from division of pre-existing cells.
Cells are the___
Cells are the building blocks of life
The cell theory can be summarized as (3)
- All living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
Cells come in many shapes and sizes, although most are ___
Microscopic
General size of cells in cm
About 0.001cm
What are the smallest cells of the microorganism called and what is it
Microplasma. They are parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can cause diseases. They are 0.003mm.
Can some smells be large? If so what type of cells?
Yes, giant algae cells
How many red blood cells do we produce every second?
2.5 million.
How many skin cells do each square cm of skin contain?
150,000 skin cells.
How many cells are humans composed of
50 to 100 trillion cells.
Cell functions, all cells will (3)
- Grow
- Reproduce
- Interact with the environment
What type of organisms are prokaryotes (2)
Bacteria and blue algae
What are prokaryotes?
Single celled organisms that lack both a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (lysosomes, mitochondria, etc)
Shape of prokaryotic DNA
Circular
What type of organisms are eukaryotes (4)
Plants, animals, protists, and fungi.
What are eukaryotes
Cells that contain a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
How are the genetic materials in eukaryotes organized into
Chromosomes
What do prokaryotic cells include in the cell (4)
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Small ribosomes
- Flagellum (depending on the cell).
What do eukaryotic cells in ANIMALS include in the cell (10)
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- ER
- Large ribosomes
- Small vacuoles
- Lysosomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Centrioles
- Flagellum
What do eukaryotic cells in PLANTS include in the cell (10)
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- ER
- Large ribosomes
- Large central vacuoles
- Cytoskeleton
- Centrioles
What do eukaryotic cells in ANIMALS NOT included in the cell (2)
- Cell wall
- Chloroplast
What do eukaryotic cells in PLANTS NOT included in the cell (2)
- Lysosomes
- Flagellum
Size of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell
Small
Size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cell
Large
Size of vacuoles in a eukaryotic animal cell
Small
Do prokaryotic cells always contain a flagellum
No, it varies on the cell type.
Where are cell walls found?
Plants and bacteria.
What are cell walls composed of?
300 glucose molecules in a chain called cellulose (polysaccharide).
Function of cell walls?
Support and structure of cell.
Functions of a cell membrane
Controlling materials in and out of cell.
Parts of a cell membrane (5)
Phosphate group, glycolipid, glycoprotein, receptor protein, channel protein.
What are cells surrounded by
Thin membrane of lipid and protein.
Cell membrane is composed side by side ____ arranged in a ____
Composed side by side phospholipid arranged in a bilayer. It has the light consistency of light oil.
What is the solid part of a cell membrane?
Variety of protein.
Structure of phospholipid
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
What is an ER
System of membranous tubular canals that begins outside the nucleus and branches throughout the cytoplasm.
What does the ER do
Can be smooth or rough. Used for synthesis, folding, modification and transport of proteins
What do the channels of the ER provide (2)
Storage for products that are synthesized and for transportation routes.
How does ER transport materials through
Vesicles to other organelles.
What are the two types of ER
Rough and smooth ER
If there are ribosomes attached to the ER, what type of ER is it
Rough ER
Functions of rough ER and examples
Protein synthesis of specialized proteins such as insulin, glucagon, or growth hormones.
If there are no ribosomes attached to the ER, then what is it called
Smooth ER
Function of smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
Why are synthesis of lipids important (3)
They are required for the growth of cell membrane, to make sex hormones, and to detoxify drugs and chemicals.
What are the main components of membranes throughout cell that are synthesized in smooth ER
Phospholipids and cholesterol.
What are the parts of a chloroplast (6)
- Inner membrane
- Outer membrane
- Stroma
- Lamella
- Granum
- Thylakoid
What are chloroplasts
Double membrane bound organelles in which photosynthesis occurs.
What does chlorophyl do?
Chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun to provide the energy required for reducing CO2 to glucose.
Formula to photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6
What are the membranous stacks in a chloroplast?
Granum and that is where the chlorophyl is located.
What is the coin like structures in a chloroplast called
Thylakoid
What is a stroma in a chloroplast
It is where the carbohydrates are produced and are the cytoplasm within chloroplasts.
Where are plastids found
Plant cells only.
What are plastids?
Membrane bound structures that contain the pigments of plant cells colors.
What color are chloroplasts
Green
What is chromoplast
Pigment synthesis
What color do carotene produce
Orange
What color do xanthophylls produce
Yellow
What do ribosomes consist of
Proteins and rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
How many non-identical subunits are each ribosome made of
2
Where is rRNA produced
Nucleolus
Parts of a ribosome
Produced in nucleolus, joined together with proteins then migrate through nuclear pore to cytoplasm.
Some ribosomes attach to the ER called
Rough ER
Function of ribosomes
Site for protein synthesis
What are free floating within the cytoplasm
Polysomes or polyribosomes.
What do ribosomes produce
General proteins that will only be used INSIDE the cell.
How many central vacuoles do plant cells contain
1 large central vacuole
Size of vacuole in animal cell compared to plant
Animal cells have many vacuoles but are smaller in size.
Plant cells central vacuole functions (3)
- Water storage
- Food storage
- Waste storage
How is the cell support of vacuoles maintained
Turgor pressure. When vacuole is filled, the plant remains rigid.
What is a vesicle
Small vacuole
Function for vesicles
Transportation and storage of materials like enzymes, hormones, and proteins)
What are secretory vesicles
Vesicles that take product out of the cell.
What are transport vesicles
Vesicles that take product from the ER to the Golgi
How are vesicles and vacuoles formed (3)
- Pinch off from the golgi
- Pinch off from the ER
- Endocytosis of the cell membrane called pinocytosis
What is endocytosis
Process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by making them into a vesicle.
What is pinocytosis
Process where liquid droplets are ingested by living cells.
Parts of a mitochondria (4)
- Inner membrane
- Outer membrane
- Cristae (folds)
- Matrix (fluid)
Fact about mitochondria
2nd largest organelle
Explain the structure of a mitochondria
Surrounded by a double layered membrane, the inner and outer. The inner membrane is in folds called cristae.
Cristae function
Enzymes responsible for cellular respiration are arranged in an assembly line on the cristae.
Where is ATP produced
On the cristae in a mitochondria.
Overall function for a mitochondria
Cellular respiration
Formula for cellular respiration
O2 + C6H12O6 H2O + CO2 + ATP
How many molecules of ATP are formed for every molecule of sugar used in cellular respiration
38
What are lysosomes
Specialized vesicles formed by the golgi.
What do lysosomes contain
Powerful hydrolytic enzymes
How many enzymes do lysosomes contain and what can they digest (4)
- They can digest proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates
Name of the process that lysosomes use to destroy bacteria
Endocytosis pinocytosis
Functions for lysosomes (3)
- Cellular digestion
- Auto digestion of disposal of damaged cell components
- Suicide sacs where they break down a whole cell when the cell dies
Parts of a golgi (2)
Secretory vesicles (leaves cell), golgi
What is a golgi structure
Stacks of saccules and hollow cavities enclosed by membranes which are often continuous with the membranes of the ER
What is the stack in a golgi made of
Half dozen or more saccules.
What do the sac of stacks in organelles contain
Enzymes that modify proteins as they pass.
Function for the golgi (5)
Modifies, packages, assembles, stores and allows secretion of substances.
Advanced function for golgi
Receives newly manufactured protein on the surface. The protein is sorted out and packaged into secretory vesicles that pinch off the outer surface of saccules. Then the vesicles can be transported where they are needed within cell or move to cell membrane for export to the outside by endocytosis.
Parts of a nucleus (4)
- Nucleolus
- Chromosomes
- Nuclear membrane/Envelope
- Nuclear pore
Function of a nucleus
Store cell’s hereditary material or DNA that helps control cells metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Controls cell activity
What is the genetic info in nucleus called
Chromosomes
Chromosome function
Package of DNA during cell division and control protein synthesis
What is the double membrane of nucleus made of
Phospholipid bilayers
Structure of nuclear envelope/membrane
Double membrane of 2 phospholipid bilayers called nuclear pores that allow molecules in and out of cell
Examples of substances that enter or exit the nucleus and what is the exception (2)
RNA and protein are allowed. Not DNA because it is too big.
What is something major inside the nucleus and its function
Nucleolus. Its function is to synthesize and store rRNA.
Function of cytoskeleton
Network of filamentous proteins structures within the cell that helps it maintain shape, anchor organelles, or help the organelles move as necessary.
Primary constituents of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules and microfilaments.
What is the inside of the cytoskeleton like
There is a fluid interior called the cytoplasm which assists in maintaining cell shape, as well as chemicals and raw materials for cell activity.
Where are basal bodies found
Only in animal cells
Structure of a basal body
9 triplet plus 1 microtubule arrangement
Function of a basal body
To direct the formation of cilia and flagella
Where type of cells are centrioles found
Only found in animal cells
What do centrioles look like
Two cylindrical bodies located near the nucleus
Structure of a centriole
Short cylinders with a 9 triplet plus 0 arrangement of microtubules
How many pairs of centrioles do animal cells have
1
Functions of a centriole (2)
Give rise to basal bodies which direct the formation of cilia or flagellum, and to assist the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.
What do microfilaments look like
They are long, thin contractile rods that appear to be responsible for the movement of cells (external and internal)
What are microfilaments made of
Double filaments arranged in a helical pattern. Each filament consists of numerous globular proteins that are joined together.
Function of microfilaments (2)
Anchoring organelles and moving them within cell. They are also used for cell movement and cytoskeleton structure
What do microtubules look like
They are hollow, cylindrical tube-like structures that help give the cell its shape and form.
What are microtubules made of
Made up of 13 rows of globular proteins arranged to form hollow tube.
Function of microtubules (4)
- Moving materials within cell
- Component of cytoskeleton
- Used in spindle fibers (Cell division)
- Component of flagellum or cilia for movement
Common structure of cilia and flagella
Both have a 9 double plus 1 arrangement of microtubules
Common function for cilia and flagella
Motility for cells
What does cilia look like
Short, hair like projections that function in cell movement
Where is cilia found and examples
Protists like paramecium, or in human respiratory trac
How do cilia arise
Basal bodies
Which are shorter cilia or flagella
Cilia
How is movement on cilia achieved
When doublets slide along one another using ATP energy
How does cilia beat
One direction
How do flagella arise
Basal bodies
How does flagella beat
Whip-like fashion
How is movement on flagella achieved
When the microtubule doublets slide along one another using ATP energy
Function for flagella
Movement
Examples of cells with a flagella
Sperm, and protists like euglena
Function of cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of cell, forms barrier with outside environment
Function of cell wall
Structural support in plant cell
Function of centriole
Cell division in animals
Function of chloroplast
In plants. Photosynthetic pigments that turn light, CO2 and H2O into glucose
Function of chromosome
Packaging of DNA in nucleus. Found in cell division
Function of cilia
On the outside of the cell that helps move materials
Function of cytoskeleton
Internal framework of microtubules and microfilaments that move substance in cell and anchor organelle
Function of flagella
Locomotion in sperm and some single celled organisms
Function of Golgi
Modifies proteins/hormones and packages them into vesicles or vacuoles
Function of lysosomes
Has hydrolytic enzymes for digesting foods, destroy waste, and cell digestion.
Function of microfilament
Fibrous protein filaments (actin/myosin) used for structural support liken cytoskeleton
Function of microtubule
Tubes of protein (actin/myosin) used in cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton
Function of mitochondria
Makes energy for cell by converting O2 and glucose to Co2 H2O and ATP
Function of nucleolus
Site of rRNA production and ribosomal subunit assembly in nucleus; stores rRNA subunits
Function of Nucleus
Contains DNA, controls all cell activity including cell division
Function of plastids
Pigment containing vesicles in plants that function in photosynthesis. Most recognizable plastid is found in chloroplast
Function of ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
Function of rough ER
Anchors ribosomes in protein synthesis. Accepts and modifies new proteins and sends to golgi
Function of smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
Function of vacuoles
Water storage food storage waste storage
Function of vesicle
Membrane bound sacs for transporting materials in and out of cell and are also used for storage in materials
Does bacteria contain cell membrane
Yes
Does bacteria contain cell wall
Yes
Does bacteria contain nuclear envelope
No
Does bacteria contain mitochondria
No
Does bacteria contain ER
No
Does bacteria contain ribosomes
Yes
Does bacteria contain centrioles
No
Do humans contain cell membrane
Yes
Do humans contain cell wall
No
Do humans contain nuclear envelope
Yes
Do humans contain mitochondria
Yes
Do humans contain ER
Yes
Do humans contain ribosomes
Yes
Do humans contain centrioles
Yes
Plant cells have..
No centrioles but they still divide
How are mitochondria like chloroplast
They are both concerned with energy
What type of molecule forms a bilayer within membrane
Lipid
Which organelle doesn’t contain membrane
Ribosomes
Which of the following cell structures within cytoplasm is connected to nuclear envelope? (Nucleolus, chromatin, ER, vacuole, lysosome)
ER
When secretory products are transported to the cell membrane for export they..
They move enclosed in a vesicle from the golgi
Relationship between nucleolus and ribosomes
the RNA in the nucleolus becomes structural part of ribosomes
What does the DNA within nucleus control
Protein synthesis
Equation in word form for mitochondria
Carbohydrate + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Equation in word form for chloroplast
Carbon dioxide + water = carbohydrate + oxygen
How do lysosomes and vacuoles work together
Lysosomes attach to vacuole and digest its contents through hydrolytic enzymes
How do ER and Golgi work together
Products produced at the ER are sent to golgi for repackaging and secretion
How do centrioles and cilia work together
Centrioles become basal bodies that produce cilia
How do ribosomes and ER work together
Proteins are made at ribosome located on ER
How do chloroplast and mitochondria work together
Carbohydrate made in the chloroplast is broken down in the mitochondria
Internal framework that anchors organelles and give shape
Cytoskeleton
Cellular ropes made of repeating units of protein actin
Microfilament
Hollow tubes for transport, movement, made of actin/tublin proteins
Microtubules
Vesciles pinch off these structures; proteins modified and packaged here
Golgi
Cellular stomach
Lysosomes
Most important plastid, turns CO2, H2O, sunlight into glucose
Chloroplast
Selectively permeable doorman
Cell membrane
Membrane bound spheres that store water and dissolve materials. Membrane surrounding it is called tonoplast
Vacuole
Site of rRNA production in nucleus
Nucleolus
Rod like structures that package DNA into near, discrete units; play role in cell division
Chromosome
Used for movement, and to move material past cell. Move back and forth like oars
Cillia
Site of lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
Appearance due to being peppered by ribosomes. This membraneous network receives the just-synthesized protein and may modify it
Rough ER
Brain of the cell
Nucleus
Double membrane and converts glucose and O2 to produce energy in form of ATP
Mitochondria
Encloses plant cell, strong cellulose fibers give rigidity
Cell wall
Small organelles in plants that contain starch or pigment
Plastid
Small membranous spheres that transport materials around cell, out of cell via exocytosis and into cell via endocytosis
Vesicle
Made of rRNA and protein, these small numerous organelles are site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Twin barrel like structure in animal cells that play a role in cell division with 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules
Centrioles
Whip like structure used for movement in unicellular organisms with a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubule
Flagella
What component of cell membrane causes it to have a fluid consistency
Phospholipids
What component of cell membrane causes it to be like a mosaic
Protein
The cristae in mitochondria are the location for what
Enzymes
The nucleus is enclosed by ___ which contains __ that open into cytoplasm
Enclosed by nuclear envelope which contains pores that open into cytoplasm
3 organelles enclosed by a double membrane
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
What do cells do when they get too large
Divide
Why do cells divide
When they get too large, the volume changes with respect to its cell surface area
4 ways that cells get around limits or constraints of SA to volume ratio + example:
- Divide
- Slow down metabolism (unfertilized chicken egg)
- Get long and thin rather than fat (nerve cell)
- Folds or projections in the cell membrane called microvilli (cells that are specialized for absorption)
What would an object that has the worst cell size to volume ratio would be
Microscopic and spherical shape
What would an object that has the best cell size to volume ratio would be
Microscopic and flat with folds or projections
If the cell grows larger, then the surface area ___
Decreases rapidly in portion to to its volume
If a cell has too much volume, then what
Diffusion rates are too insufficient to allow nutrients to enter a cell and waste to exit a cell because diffusion is too slow to transport molecules
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ
Eukaryotic cells have distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material while prokaryotic cells don’t have nucleus and have a free-floating genetic material.
How do animal and plant cells differ in structure and why
Plant cells have a cell wall and a chloroplast, but animals do not. Plants need cell walls to maintain cell shape almost as if each cell has its own exoskeleton. It allows the plants to stand without bones. Animal cells do not need cell wall because they have bone, cartilage, muscles that give them shape. Animals don’t have a chloroplast because animals get sugar from the food they eat whereas plants need photosynthesis to get sunlight, CO2 and water.
Relationship between golgi and ribosome
Golgi process, package, modify, storage and ship out proteins made by ribosome
Relationship between Smooth er and golgi
Golgi process, package, modify, store and ship out lipids made by smooth er
Relationship between rough er and golgi
Golgi process, package, modify, store and ship out proteins made by rough er
Relationship between vesicle and cell membrane
Cell membrane produce vesicles or release vesicles out of cell
Relationship between lysosome and cell membrane
Lysosome fuse with cell membrane and release cell debris out of cell by endocytosis
Relationship between chromosome and lysosome
Chromosome contain genetic blueprints necessary to build lysosome (hydrolytic enyzyme)
Relationship between chromosome and vesicle
Chromosome contain genetic blueprints necessary to build vesicle (phospholipid)
Relationship between cell membrane and vacuole
Cell membrane forms vacuole to store H2O, nutrients or waste by endocytosis
Relationship between nuclear membrane and chromosome
Nuclear membrane keeps chromosomes inside nucleus
Relationship between mitochondria and flagellum
Mitochondria provides ATP energy that is used by flagellum to move
Relationship between centrioles and flagellum
Centrioles are the most immature portion of flagellum
Relationship between chromosome and ribosome
Chromosome contain necessary blue prints to build a ribosome (rRNA and protein)
