Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 12 > NERVOUS SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Responsible for coordination of movement and to respond to environmental stimuli, intelligence, self-awareness, thought, and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are nerve cells composed of

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized to carry nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean when the two nervous systems are ARBITRARY

A

Meaning that they both work together and are connected to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two major divisions of nervous system:

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the central nervous system associated with

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system associated with

A

The rest of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parts of a neuron (7):

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Schwann cell
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Synaptic endings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dendrites

A

Contains great surface area to pick up nerve impulse and conduct it towards cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell body

A

Metabolic centre of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of reactions occur in cell body

A

Cellular respiration and protein/lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made of lipids and wraps around axon to insulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produces myelin sheath. It contains tightly packed spirals of cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin. It allows more rapid nerve conduction along axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synaptic endings

A

End of axon. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 types of neurons:

A
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Interneuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Takes a message from a sense organ to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Another name for sensory neuron

A

Afferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do sensory neurons contain

A

Long dendrites and short axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Motor neurons

A

Takes message away from CNS to muscle fiber or gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Another name for motor neuron

A

Efferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do motor neurons contain

A

Short dendrites and long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interneuron

A

Completely contained within CNS. Conveys messages between parts of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Another name for interneuron

A

Association neuron/connector neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do interneurons contain

A

Long or short dendrites and axons (size varies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Giant squid axon

A

Very large axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid to rapidly activate muscles of squid mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nerve conduction is an _____

A

Nerve conduction is an ELECTRICLE IMPULSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Direction of electrical impulse

A

One direction along length of nerve fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do electrical impulses contain

A

Changes in voltage, as well as concentration of certain ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oscilloscope

A

Voltmeter that shows graph of voltage changes to measure potential differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 distinct phases of nerve impulse conduction/propagation:

A
  • Resting potential
  • Action potential
  • Refractory period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Resting potential

A

Potential difference across the membrane of axon when it is not conducting an impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Voltage across membrane of axon at resting

A

-65v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Reasonings of negative polarity of resting

A

Due to presence of large organic negative ions (proteins) in the axoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Na and K concentrations at resting

A

More Na ions on the outside of axon compared to inside, and more K ions on the inside compared to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How is the uneven distribution of Na and K maintained by

A

Active transport across Na+/K+ pump which operate whenever the neuron is not conducting an impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are nerves in action potential stimulated

A

Through electric shock, pH change, or mechanical stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Action potential

A

When nerve impulse is generated and a change in voltage occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Depolarization

A

When during UPSWING (-65mV to +40mV) the membrane becomes permeable due to Na channels opening and Na ions move from outside to inside of axon. It is called depolarization because the inside of axon becomes positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Repolarization

A

When during DOWNSWING (+40mV to -70mV) due to K channels opening and K moves inside axon. It is called repolarization because the inside of axon becomes negative again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Refractory period

A

In between nerve impulses/transmissions, K ions are returned to inside of axon and Na to the outside back to original

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How is transportation of refractory period achieved

A

Using active transport with carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Step 1 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Sodium moves in; Sodium channels open and Na+ ions diffuse INTO axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Step 2 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Depolarization; Inside of axon of specific region is now positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Step 3 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Na+ channels close and K+ opens; Potassium channels open and K+ ions diffuse OUT of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Step 4 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Repolarization; Movement of K+ ions counters depolarization. The voltage difference across membrane returns to resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Step 5 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Recovery period; Na+ and K+ actively transported back across membrane until concentrations are equally distributed as before impulse was sent (ATP STAGE USING CARRIER PROTEINS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Step 6 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Depolarization of adjacent part of axon; Sodium channels open and Na+ ions diffuse into axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which stage uses ATP and why

A

Step 5 (recovery period) uses ATP for carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Are nerve impulses rapid or slow

A

Rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What allows nerve impulses travel so fast

A

Myelin sheath serves as an electrical insulator to allow nerve impulses to travel fast and maintain high speed communication between nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is myelin sheath formed of

A

Formed by tightly packed spirals of cell membrane of Schwann Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the interruptions or gaps of the myelin sheath called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Myelin physical characteristics

A

White and shiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Speed of transmission in myelinated fibres

A

200m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Speed of transmission in non-myelinated fibers

A

0.5m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why are nerve impulses faster with myelinated fibers compared to non-myelinated fibers

A

Because the nerve impulses jumps from node to node in myelinated fibers. However, with non-myelinated fibers, the nerve impulse must depolarize and repolarize each point along the nerve fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Advantages of an organism with myelinated fibers (2):

A
  • Respond to stimulus faster

- Think faster

60
Q

Synaptic ending

A

Specialized regions at the ends of axons. They are swollen terminal knobs on the ends of axon terminal branches

61
Q

Why are transmissions across a synapse one way

A

Because only the ends of axons have synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters to affect the potential of the next neurons

62
Q

Synapse

A

Region between end of an axon and the cell body/dendrite to which it is attached

63
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of synaptic ending

64
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of the next neuron beyond axon’s synaptic membrane

65
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the pre and past synaptic membranes

66
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Contains neurotransmitters contained near surface of synaptic endings

67
Q

Neurotransmitter substances

A

Chemicals that transmit the nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft

68
Q

2 types of neurotransmitter substances:

A
  • Excitatory transmitters

- Inhibitory transmitters

69
Q

Excitatory transmitters and examples

A

Make post synaptic membrane more permeable to Na+. Eg. Adrenalin, dopamine, glutamine

70
Q

Inhibitory transmitters and examples

A

Make post synaptic membrane less permeable to Na+. Eg. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), glycine, serotonin

71
Q

Sequence of events during synapse (8):

A
  • Nerve impulse travels along axon and reaches synaptic ending
  • Ca+ flows into ending through channel proteins
  • Ca+ ions cause contractile proteins to pull synaptic vesicles to inner surface of presynaptic membrane
  • Vesicle fuses with presynaptic ending and releases NT to synapse
  • NT diffuse across synaptic cleft to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • NT binding to specific receptors can open the ion channels
  • Ion flux changes voltage of postsynaptic membrane and moves membrane voltage closer to threshold value required for action potential
  • NT is degraded to prevent them from continually acting on postsynaptic membrane
72
Q

How are neurotransmitters degraded (2):

A
  • Enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine
  • Synaptic ending reabsorbs the NT through endocytosis
73
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Breaks down noradrenaline after absorbed

74
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Takes nerve impulses across synapses. They are small molecules

75
Q

Examples of NT

A

Single amino acids, short chains of amino acids, or derivatives of protein

76
Q

How is proper brain and nervous system function maintained

A

Through proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmitters

77
Q

What does it mean when a single neuron may receive information from thousands of neighbouring neuron through thousands of synapse

A

Means that some of the messages can be excitatory (telling neurons to fire), while others may be inhibitory (telling neurons not to fire)

78
Q

5 actions of drugs at synapse:

A
  • Stimulates release of NT
  • Blocks release of NT
  • Combines with NT preventing its breakdown
  • Mimics NT
  • Blocks receptor so NT can’t be received
79
Q

Drugs

A

Promotes or decreases action of NT by stimulating or inhibiting the actions of excitatory/inhibitory transmitters

80
Q

Stimulants

A

Enhance excitatory transmitters or block action of inhibitory transmitters

81
Q

Depressants

A

Enhance action of inhibitory transmitters or block action of excitatory transmitters

82
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of and why

A

Nerves that only contain long dendrites and/or long axons. This is because neuron cell bodies are only found in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia

83
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies within PNS

84
Q

3 types of nerves:

A
  • Sensory nerves
  • Motor nerves
  • Mixed nerves
85
Q

What do sensory nerves contain

A

Long dendrites of sensory neurons

86
Q

What do motor nerves contain

A

Long axons of motor neurons

87
Q

What do mixed nerves contain

A

Both long dendrites of sensory neurons and long axons of motor neurons

88
Q

Cranial nerves (3):

A
  • Part of PNS
  • All 3 types of nerves
  • Head, neck, face, EXCEPT vagus nerve
89
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are attached to brain

A

12 pairs

90
Q

Spinal nerves (2):

A
  • Mixed nerves

- Dorsal root and ventral root join just before spinal nerve leaves vertebral column

91
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have

A

31 pairs

92
Q

Dorsal root

A

Identified by presence of an enlargement called dorsal root ganglion which contains cell bodies of sensory neurons whose dendrites conduct impulses towards spinal cord

93
Q

Ventral root

A

Each spinal nerve contains axons of motor neurons that conduct impulses away from cord

94
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Includes all nerves that serve the musculoskeletal system and the exterior sense organs

95
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside the body

96
Q

Reflex arc

A

Main functional unit of nervous system

97
Q

5 steps to reflex action:

A
  • Receptor is stimulated (temp, pain)
  • Sensory neuron carries impulse through dorsal root ganglion to spinal cord
  • Sensory neuron synapses with interneuron in gray matter of spinal cord
  • Interneuron synapses with motor neuron
  • Motor neuron carries impulse through ventral root to muscle/gland
98
Q

Gray matter (3):

A
  • Where synapses occur
  • Interneurons located here
  • Has 6 million cell bodies
99
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve tracts (bundle of axons)

100
Q

Why do doctors test reflex with reflex hammer

A

To make sure your nerve-spinal cord pathway is functional

101
Q

What components make up the autonomic nervous system

A

Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The two systems connect to same organs but have opposite effects

102
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functions in the autonomic nervous system

A

Functions automatically on internal organs and utilizes two motor neurons and one ganglion for each nerve impulse

103
Q

Sympathetic nervous system significance

A

Significant for emergency situations because it triggers your fight or flight

104
Q

What are neurotransmitters released by in sympathetic nervous system

A

post-ganglionic axon

105
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibers of sympathetic nervous system arise in sympathetic nervous system

A

From middle part (Thoracic lumbar) of spinal cord

106
Q

Long or short for preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic is short and postganglionic is long

107
Q

NT for sympathetic nervous system

A

Noreadrenaline

108
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system function

A

Promotes all internal responses associated with a relaxed state

109
Q

NT for parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

110
Q

What are neurotransmitters released by in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Post-ganglionic axon

111
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nervous system arise

A

Arise from upper and lower part of spinal cord (cranial and sacral nerves)

112
Q

Long or short for preganglionic fiber and postganglionic in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Pre-ganglionic fiber is long and post-ganglionic fiber is short because the ganglia lies near or within organ

113
Q

Weight of brain

A

3lbs

114
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

115
Q

Name of the protective membranes of CNS

A

Meninges

116
Q

3 protective membranes of CNS

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

117
Q

What are the spaces in between meninges filled with and why

A

Cerebral spinal fluid for cushioning and protection

118
Q

Facts about the brain

A

We had the maximum amount of neurons when we are born and thousands are lost daily

119
Q

What does hindbrain refer to

A

Medulla oblongata

120
Q

Where is medulla oblongata located

A

Closest to spinal cord

121
Q

What does medulla oblongata control (8):

A
  • Heart beat
  • Breathing
  • Blood pressure
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vomitting
  • Hiccuping
  • Swallowing
122
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A

Balance and complex skeletal movement. It is responsible for painting normal muscle tone and posture

123
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from

A

Inner ear and medulla oblongata

124
Q

Midbrain is an intersection of

A

Intersection of the forebrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata

125
Q

What does the forebrain refer to

A

Thalamus

126
Q

Where does the thalamus receive sensory information from

A

All parts of the body. It receives all impulses except smell and sends them to appropriate regions of cortex

127
Q

ARAS

A

The reticular activating system that sorts out incoming stimuli and passes them to cerebrum to information that requires immediate attention. So essentially it lets you ignore certain input

128
Q

Where does the ARAS extend from

A

Medulla oblongata to the thalamus

129
Q

Hypothalamus significance

A

Homeostasis by maintaining internal environment

130
Q

Hypothalamus contains centres for.. (7):

A
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Body temp
  • Water balance
  • Blood pressure
  • Sex drive
  • Sleep
131
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

Pituitary gland which serves as a gland between nervous system and endocrine system

132
Q

Corpus callosum function

A

Transmits impulses between two cerebral hemispheres. (Right and left side of brain)

133
Q

What does it mean if corpus callous is severed

A

Means that the two halves of the brain does not communicate with one another normally and will function separately

134
Q

What does the conscious brain refer to

A

Cerebrum

135
Q

Largest and most prominent portion of brain

A

Cerebrum

136
Q

Name of outer layer of cerebrum

A

Cortex

137
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

Forms intellect, learning, memory, and sensations

138
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres which contains 4 lobes

139
Q

4 lobes of cerebrum:

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occippital
140
Q

Frontal lobe (4):

A

Problem solving, concentration, planning, movement of tongue and mouth

141
Q

Parietal lobe (5):

A
  • Touch
  • Temp
  • Pain
  • Pressure
  • Understanding speech
142
Q

Temporal lobe (5):

A
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Memory of visual scenes
  • Music
  • Interpretation of experiences
143
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

144
Q

Right and left hemisphere of brain function

A

Right controls left side of body (except smell), and vice versa. An image viewed with the right eye is actually “seen” with then left occipital lobe

145
Q

Left hemisphere of brain is referred to

A

Logical side

146
Q

Right hemisphere of brain is referred to

A

Intuitive side

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions