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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > NERVOUS SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM UNIT REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Responsible for coordination of movement and to respond to environmental stimuli, intelligence, self-awareness, thought, and emotion

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2
Q

What are nerve cells composed of

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized to carry nerve impulses

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4
Q

What does it mean when the two nervous systems are ARBITRARY

A

Meaning that they both work together and are connected to one another

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5
Q

Two major divisions of nervous system:

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system associated with

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system associated with

A

The rest of the nervous system

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8
Q

Parts of a neuron (7):

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Schwann cell
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Synaptic endings
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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Contains great surface area to pick up nerve impulse and conduct it towards cell body

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Metabolic centre of cell

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11
Q

What type of reactions occur in cell body

A

Cellular respiration and protein/lipid synthesis

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12
Q

Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

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13
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made of lipids and wraps around axon to insulate

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14
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produces myelin sheath. It contains tightly packed spirals of cell membrane

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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin. It allows more rapid nerve conduction along axon

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16
Q

Synaptic endings

A

End of axon. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located here

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17
Q

3 types of neurons:

A
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Interneuron
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18
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Takes a message from a sense organ to CNS

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19
Q

Another name for sensory neuron

A

Afferent neuron

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20
Q

What do sensory neurons contain

A

Long dendrites and short axon

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21
Q

Motor neurons

A

Takes message away from CNS to muscle fiber or gland

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22
Q

Another name for motor neuron

A

Efferent neuron

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23
Q

What do motor neurons contain

A

Short dendrites and long axon

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24
Q

Interneuron

A

Completely contained within CNS. Conveys messages between parts of the system

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25
Q

Another name for interneuron

A

Association neuron/connector neuron

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26
Q

What do interneurons contain

A

Long or short dendrites and axons (size varies)

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27
Q

Giant squid axon

A

Very large axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid to rapidly activate muscles of squid mantle

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28
Q

Nerve conduction is an _____

A

Nerve conduction is an ELECTRICLE IMPULSE

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29
Q

Direction of electrical impulse

A

One direction along length of nerve fiber

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30
Q

What do electrical impulses contain

A

Changes in voltage, as well as concentration of certain ions

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31
Q

Oscilloscope

A

Voltmeter that shows graph of voltage changes to measure potential differences

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32
Q

3 distinct phases of nerve impulse conduction/propagation:

A
  • Resting potential
  • Action potential
  • Refractory period
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33
Q

Resting potential

A

Potential difference across the membrane of axon when it is not conducting an impulse

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34
Q

Voltage across membrane of axon at resting

A

-65v

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35
Q

Reasonings of negative polarity of resting

A

Due to presence of large organic negative ions (proteins) in the axoplasm

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36
Q

Na and K concentrations at resting

A

More Na ions on the outside of axon compared to inside, and more K ions on the inside compared to outside

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37
Q

How is the uneven distribution of Na and K maintained by

A

Active transport across Na+/K+ pump which operate whenever the neuron is not conducting an impulse

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38
Q

How are nerves in action potential stimulated

A

Through electric shock, pH change, or mechanical stimulation

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39
Q

Action potential

A

When nerve impulse is generated and a change in voltage occurs

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40
Q

Depolarization

A

When during UPSWING (-65mV to +40mV) the membrane becomes permeable due to Na channels opening and Na ions move from outside to inside of axon. It is called depolarization because the inside of axon becomes positive

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41
Q

Repolarization

A

When during DOWNSWING (+40mV to -70mV) due to K channels opening and K moves inside axon. It is called repolarization because the inside of axon becomes negative again

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42
Q

Refractory period

A

In between nerve impulses/transmissions, K ions are returned to inside of axon and Na to the outside back to original

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43
Q

How is transportation of refractory period achieved

A

Using active transport with carrier proteins

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44
Q

Step 1 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Sodium moves in; Sodium channels open and Na+ ions diffuse INTO axon

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45
Q

Step 2 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Depolarization; Inside of axon of specific region is now positive

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46
Q

Step 3 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Na+ channels close and K+ opens; Potassium channels open and K+ ions diffuse OUT of axon

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47
Q

Step 4 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Repolarization; Movement of K+ ions counters depolarization. The voltage difference across membrane returns to resting potential

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48
Q

Step 5 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Recovery period; Na+ and K+ actively transported back across membrane until concentrations are equally distributed as before impulse was sent (ATP STAGE USING CARRIER PROTEINS)

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49
Q

Step 6 of nerve impulse conduction/propagation

A

Depolarization of adjacent part of axon; Sodium channels open and Na+ ions diffuse into axon

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50
Q

Which stage uses ATP and why

A

Step 5 (recovery period) uses ATP for carrier proteins

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51
Q

Are nerve impulses rapid or slow

A

Rapid

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52
Q

What allows nerve impulses travel so fast

A

Myelin sheath serves as an electrical insulator to allow nerve impulses to travel fast and maintain high speed communication between nerve cells

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53
Q

What is myelin sheath formed of

A

Formed by tightly packed spirals of cell membrane of Schwann Cell

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54
Q

What are the interruptions or gaps of the myelin sheath called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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55
Q

Myelin physical characteristics

A

White and shiny

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56
Q

Speed of transmission in myelinated fibres

A

200m/s

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57
Q

Speed of transmission in non-myelinated fibers

A

0.5m/s

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58
Q

Why are nerve impulses faster with myelinated fibers compared to non-myelinated fibers

A

Because the nerve impulses jumps from node to node in myelinated fibers. However, with non-myelinated fibers, the nerve impulse must depolarize and repolarize each point along the nerve fibre

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59
Q

Advantages of an organism with myelinated fibers (2):

A
  • Respond to stimulus faster

- Think faster

60
Q

Synaptic ending

A

Specialized regions at the ends of axons. They are swollen terminal knobs on the ends of axon terminal branches

61
Q

Why are transmissions across a synapse one way

A

Because only the ends of axons have synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters to affect the potential of the next neurons

62
Q

Synapse

A

Region between end of an axon and the cell body/dendrite to which it is attached

63
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of synaptic ending

64
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of the next neuron beyond axon’s synaptic membrane

65
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the pre and past synaptic membranes

66
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Contains neurotransmitters contained near surface of synaptic endings

67
Q

Neurotransmitter substances

A

Chemicals that transmit the nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft

68
Q

2 types of neurotransmitter substances:

A
  • Excitatory transmitters

- Inhibitory transmitters

69
Q

Excitatory transmitters and examples

A

Make post synaptic membrane more permeable to Na+. Eg. Adrenalin, dopamine, glutamine

70
Q

Inhibitory transmitters and examples

A

Make post synaptic membrane less permeable to Na+. Eg. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), glycine, serotonin

71
Q

Sequence of events during synapse (8):

A
  • Nerve impulse travels along axon and reaches synaptic ending
  • Ca+ flows into ending through channel proteins
  • Ca+ ions cause contractile proteins to pull synaptic vesicles to inner surface of presynaptic membrane
  • Vesicle fuses with presynaptic ending and releases NT to synapse
  • NT diffuse across synaptic cleft to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • NT binding to specific receptors can open the ion channels
  • Ion flux changes voltage of postsynaptic membrane and moves membrane voltage closer to threshold value required for action potential
  • NT is degraded to prevent them from continually acting on postsynaptic membrane
72
Q

How are neurotransmitters degraded (2):

A
  • Enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine
  • Synaptic ending reabsorbs the NT through endocytosis
73
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Breaks down noradrenaline after absorbed

74
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Takes nerve impulses across synapses. They are small molecules

75
Q

Examples of NT

A

Single amino acids, short chains of amino acids, or derivatives of protein

76
Q

How is proper brain and nervous system function maintained

A

Through proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmitters

77
Q

What does it mean when a single neuron may receive information from thousands of neighbouring neuron through thousands of synapse

A

Means that some of the messages can be excitatory (telling neurons to fire), while others may be inhibitory (telling neurons not to fire)

78
Q

5 actions of drugs at synapse:

A
  • Stimulates release of NT
  • Blocks release of NT
  • Combines with NT preventing its breakdown
  • Mimics NT
  • Blocks receptor so NT can’t be received
79
Q

Drugs

A

Promotes or decreases action of NT by stimulating or inhibiting the actions of excitatory/inhibitory transmitters

80
Q

Stimulants

A

Enhance excitatory transmitters or block action of inhibitory transmitters

81
Q

Depressants

A

Enhance action of inhibitory transmitters or block action of excitatory transmitters

82
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of and why

A

Nerves that only contain long dendrites and/or long axons. This is because neuron cell bodies are only found in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia

83
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies within PNS

84
Q

3 types of nerves:

A
  • Sensory nerves
  • Motor nerves
  • Mixed nerves
85
Q

What do sensory nerves contain

A

Long dendrites of sensory neurons

86
Q

What do motor nerves contain

A

Long axons of motor neurons

87
Q

What do mixed nerves contain

A

Both long dendrites of sensory neurons and long axons of motor neurons

88
Q

Cranial nerves (3):

A
  • Part of PNS
  • All 3 types of nerves
  • Head, neck, face, EXCEPT vagus nerve
89
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are attached to brain

90
Q

Spinal nerves (2):

A
  • Mixed nerves

- Dorsal root and ventral root join just before spinal nerve leaves vertebral column

91
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have

92
Q

Dorsal root

A

Identified by presence of an enlargement called dorsal root ganglion which contains cell bodies of sensory neurons whose dendrites conduct impulses towards spinal cord

93
Q

Ventral root

A

Each spinal nerve contains axons of motor neurons that conduct impulses away from cord

94
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Includes all nerves that serve the musculoskeletal system and the exterior sense organs

95
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside the body

96
Q

Reflex arc

A

Main functional unit of nervous system

97
Q

5 steps to reflex action:

A
  • Receptor is stimulated (temp, pain)
  • Sensory neuron carries impulse through dorsal root ganglion to spinal cord
  • Sensory neuron synapses with interneuron in gray matter of spinal cord
  • Interneuron synapses with motor neuron
  • Motor neuron carries impulse through ventral root to muscle/gland
98
Q

Gray matter (3):

A
  • Where synapses occur
  • Interneurons located here
  • Has 6 million cell bodies
99
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated nerve tracts (bundle of axons)

100
Q

Why do doctors test reflex with reflex hammer

A

To make sure your nerve-spinal cord pathway is functional

101
Q

What components make up the autonomic nervous system

A

Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The two systems connect to same organs but have opposite effects

102
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functions in the autonomic nervous system

A

Functions automatically on internal organs and utilizes two motor neurons and one ganglion for each nerve impulse

103
Q

Sympathetic nervous system significance

A

Significant for emergency situations because it triggers your fight or flight

104
Q

What are neurotransmitters released by in sympathetic nervous system

A

post-ganglionic axon

105
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibers of sympathetic nervous system arise in sympathetic nervous system

A

From middle part (Thoracic lumbar) of spinal cord

106
Q

Long or short for preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic is short and postganglionic is long

107
Q

NT for sympathetic nervous system

A

Noreadrenaline

108
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system function

A

Promotes all internal responses associated with a relaxed state

109
Q

NT for parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

110
Q

What are neurotransmitters released by in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Post-ganglionic axon

111
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nervous system arise

A

Arise from upper and lower part of spinal cord (cranial and sacral nerves)

112
Q

Long or short for preganglionic fiber and postganglionic in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Pre-ganglionic fiber is long and post-ganglionic fiber is short because the ganglia lies near or within organ

113
Q

Weight of brain

114
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

115
Q

Name of the protective membranes of CNS

116
Q

3 protective membranes of CNS

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

117
Q

What are the spaces in between meninges filled with and why

A

Cerebral spinal fluid for cushioning and protection

118
Q

Facts about the brain

A

We had the maximum amount of neurons when we are born and thousands are lost daily

119
Q

What does hindbrain refer to

A

Medulla oblongata

120
Q

Where is medulla oblongata located

A

Closest to spinal cord

121
Q

What does medulla oblongata control (8):

A
  • Heart beat
  • Breathing
  • Blood pressure
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vomitting
  • Hiccuping
  • Swallowing
122
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A

Balance and complex skeletal movement. It is responsible for painting normal muscle tone and posture

123
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from

A

Inner ear and medulla oblongata

124
Q

Midbrain is an intersection of

A

Intersection of the forebrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata

125
Q

What does the forebrain refer to

126
Q

Where does the thalamus receive sensory information from

A

All parts of the body. It receives all impulses except smell and sends them to appropriate regions of cortex

127
Q

ARAS

A

The reticular activating system that sorts out incoming stimuli and passes them to cerebrum to information that requires immediate attention. So essentially it lets you ignore certain input

128
Q

Where does the ARAS extend from

A

Medulla oblongata to the thalamus

129
Q

Hypothalamus significance

A

Homeostasis by maintaining internal environment

130
Q

Hypothalamus contains centres for.. (7):

A
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Body temp
  • Water balance
  • Blood pressure
  • Sex drive
  • Sleep
131
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

Pituitary gland which serves as a gland between nervous system and endocrine system

132
Q

Corpus callosum function

A

Transmits impulses between two cerebral hemispheres. (Right and left side of brain)

133
Q

What does it mean if corpus callous is severed

A

Means that the two halves of the brain does not communicate with one another normally and will function separately

134
Q

What does the conscious brain refer to

135
Q

Largest and most prominent portion of brain

136
Q

Name of outer layer of cerebrum

137
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

Forms intellect, learning, memory, and sensations

138
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres which contains 4 lobes

139
Q

4 lobes of cerebrum:

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occippital
140
Q

Frontal lobe (4):

A

Problem solving, concentration, planning, movement of tongue and mouth

141
Q

Parietal lobe (5):

A
  • Touch
  • Temp
  • Pain
  • Pressure
  • Understanding speech
142
Q

Temporal lobe (5):

A
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Memory of visual scenes
  • Music
  • Interpretation of experiences
143
Q

Occipital lobe

144
Q

Right and left hemisphere of brain function

A

Right controls left side of body (except smell), and vice versa. An image viewed with the right eye is actually “seen” with then left occipital lobe

145
Q

Left hemisphere of brain is referred to

A

Logical side

146
Q

Right hemisphere of brain is referred to

A

Intuitive side

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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