CIRCULATION UNIT TEST REVIEW Flashcards
Systemic circulation
Delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
Pulmonary circulation
Eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)
Heart size
About 14cm x 9cm (size of a fist)
Where is the heart located
Mediastinum. Space between the lungs, backbone, and sternum
Apex
Distal end of heart
Coronary arteries and where is it located
Supplies blood to the heart itself and is located on the surface of the heart
Fibrous Pericardium and its two layers
Enclose the heart (like a bag) and has two layers. Visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Contains fluid to reduce friction
Largest blood vessel in body
Aorta
Walls of the heart (3):
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Epicardium
Outer layer of heart which reduces friction
Myocardium
Middle layer of heart and is made up of mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Thin inner lining within chambers of the heart
Your heart is a ___ pump
Double pump
Pulmonary
Blood travels to the lungs and back
Systemic
Blood travels to the body and back
How many chambers does the heart have
4
Chambers of the heart (4):
- 2 atria
- 2 ventricles
Functions of the 2 atria in chamber
Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins
Function of the 2 ventricles in chamber
Lower regions that receive blood from atria (above) and pumps blood out of the heart through arteries
Septum
Separates the right and left sides of heart
Function of the valves of the heart
Allows one way flow of blood
Valves of the heart (4):
- 2 Atrioventricular valves
- 2 Semilunar valves
Another name for left atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid valve or mitral valve
Another name for right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
Where is the aortic semilunar valve found
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve
Between the right ventricle and the aorta
Cusps
Flaps of the valve
What are valves anchored to in the ventricles by cords
Chordae tendineae, which are anchored to papillary muscles
Chordae Tendineae function
Prevents valves of hearts from movements by holding flaps tightly against blood flow so it allows it to flow in one direction
Septal defect
Hole in heart
Significance of the cardiac muscle
Unlike any other muscles, cardiac muscle found only in the heart can auto rhymical meaning it can contract without neutral stimulation
Heart sound and how is it produced
“Lub dub”. Sound of the heart is the opening and closing of the valves
What instrument measures heart sounds
Stethoscope
How is pulse rate defined
Number of beats per minute
Normal range of pulse rate for females
66-69
Normal range of pulse rate for males
55-62
Pathway of blood flow
Left ventricle Aorta (largest blood vessel in body) Throughout body Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle
Cardiac conduction system
Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses
What controls regulation of cardiac cycle
Controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata
2 divisions of autonomic nervous system:
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Causes heartbeat to be in a normal or relaxed state
Sympathetic nervous system
Causes heartbeat to increase. This occurs when you are scared and causes a fight or flight response
Primary pacemaker
Sinoatrial node (SA)
Secondary pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (A-V)
Steps involved in cardiac cycle (5):
- SA node (primary pacemaker) generates rhythmic impulses which spread myocardium causing both atria to contract = opening/closing of tricuspid and bicuspid create LUBB sound
- Junctional fibers carry impulses into A-V node
- A-V node conducts impulses from atria through septum to ventricles
- Bundle of hiss (A-V bundle) within interventricular septum. Right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of ventricles
- Purkinje fibers branch throughout walls of ventricles and carry impulse rapidly to stimulate contraction. This causes the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and aortic semi-lunar valve to open and close to cause DUBB sound
EKG / ECG (electrocardiogram)
A recording of the heartbeat changes during a cardiac cycle
How does an EKG measure heartbeat
Records electrical activity of heart through small electrode patches attached to skin of chest, arms and legs
P wave
Depolarization of atria (Atrial contraction – SYSTOLE)
QRS complex
Depolarization of ventricles (Ventricular contraction – SYSTOLE)
T wave
Repolarization of ventricles (Atrial and ventricular relaxation – DIASTOLE)
Systole
Heart contracts to pump blood out
Diastole
Heart relaxes after contraction
Tachycardia
Heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate action. Below 60 beats per minute
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Arteries
Strong elastic vessels that carry blood moving away from the heart
What do arteries carry
Oxygen and nutrients about 96% of the time
Veins
Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood towards heart
What do veins carry
Carbon dioxide and wastes about 96% of the time
Efficiency of blood flow in veins
Not very efficient
Capillaries and what are they composed of
Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are composed of a single layer of squamous cells (thin)
Significance of capillaries
Exchanges nutrients and wastes
Precapillary sphincters
Circular, valve-like muscle at arteriole capillary junction
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing blood vessel
Vasodilation
Expanding blood vessel
4 major blood vessels:
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary veins
- Superior/inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs and leaves left ventricle
Pulmonary veins
Returns blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)
Superior and inferior vena cava
Return blood from the head and body to the heart (connects to right atrium)
4 branches of the aorta
- Right and left coronary arteries
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left common carotid
- Left subclavian artery
Right and left coronary arteries BLOOD SUPPLY
Supply blood to the heart
Brachiocephalic artery BLOOD SUPPLY
Right subclavian (arms) and right common carotid (neck, head)
Left common carotid BLOOD SUPPLY
Supplies blood to the head
Left subclavian artery BLOOD SUPPLY
Supplies blood to the left arms
Blood pressure
Pressure exerted on walls of artery when heart contracts. Elastic and muscle fibers of middle layer expand and contract pushing blood along
What happens during ventricular systole
Aortic semilunar valve contracts and then during diastole, the aortic semilunar valve relaxes
Blood pressure cuffs
Measures force of blood in vessels
Does systole or diastole have a greater number reading in blood pressure
Systole because the ventricles are contracting so it reads a larger first number
Average blood pressure
120/80. 120 is systole (contraction) and the 80 is diastole (relaxation)
Hypertension
Chronic high blood pressure
Hypotension
Chronic low blood pressure
What factors affect blood pressure and explain (7):
- Obesity (more mass means heart works harder to pump blood)
- Diet (high saturated fatty acids = obstructed arteries)
- Excess salt (retain more water in blood)
- Smoking (nicotine constricts blood vessels)
- Alcohol (lipid levels increase in blood)
- Stress (activates sympathetic nervous system = increased heart rate and constricts blood vessels)
- Heredity (passed on genes)
Blood
Transports substances and maintains homeostasis in body
Hematophobia
Abnormal or persistent fear of blood
What kind of tissue is blood
Composed of 2 basic components. Red and white blood cells and platelets taking up about 45% and plasma (water, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, hormones. Etc) taking up 55%
Where is blood created
Bone marrow
Specialized cells in bone marrow
Stem cells
4 types of stem cells:
- Core blood stem cells – fetal tissues
- Embryonic stem cells – developing embryos
- Adult stem cells – adult tissues
- Bone marrow stem cells – in bone marrow
Stem cell transplants
Lifesaving treatment options for more than 30,000 patients a year to those who are diagnosed with diseases like leukemia, lymphoma and other genetic disorders
3 types of blood cells:
- Erythrocytes – red blood cells
- Leukocytes – white blood cells
- Thrombocytes – platelets
Red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin
Red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin
What do red blood cells contain
Oxyhemoglobin which is a hemoglobin that carries oxygen and carbaminohemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide
How many hemoglobin molecules are contained in ONE RED BLOOD CELL
200 million
Life span of a red blood cell
120 days
Where are red blood cells destroyed
Liver and then the “HEME” portion of hemoglobin is broken down to biliverdin to make bile salts
Why are bruises sometimes green
Because of the hemoglobin being broken down to biliverdin for bile salts has green pigments
What is biliverdin converted to and what does it produce
Bilirubin and it makes urochrome which is a yellow color when excreted
Important element to produce hemoglobin for RBC
Iron
Anemia
Condition where you lack healthy RBC to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues. It can make you feel tired and weak
2 types of anemia:
- Iron deficiency anemia – most common in women from lack of iron in diet. Without iron, body cannot produce enough hemoglobin for RBC
- Pernicious anemia – lack of vitamin B-12 and folate in diet
White blood cells function
Defund the body against disease-causing agents
Platelet’s function
Aid and initiate formation of blood clots and close breaks in damaged blood vessels
Blood plasma
Liquid portion of blood (55% water)
Blood plasma function
Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and pH
3 types of plasma proteins:
- Albumins – used to transport proteins and vitamins in blood
- Globulins – used to transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in blood
- Fibrinogen – proteins that is converted to fibrin and forms mesh that impedes flow of blood
Gamma-globulins function with immune system
They are proteins that function with the immune system called immunoglobins AKA antibodies
How is blood type controlled
Controlled by 3 Alleles on a gene
Alleles
A, B, O
Codominant blood type
A and B
Recessive
O
What genotypes are possible for each blood type (4):
- Type A
- Type B
- Type AB
- Type O
Why is type O a universal doner
Because their donated RBC have no A or B or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group.
Blood transfusions and the significance of receiving your proper blood type
There are antigens on the surface of your cells and they can cause a reaction if your immune system does not recognize them as being a part of you
Universal receiver (blood type)
AB because it has no antibodies
Universal receiver (blood type)
AB because it has no antibodies
Rh factor
Another antigen on a RBC which distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. It is an important protein on RBCs used to indicate whether the blood of two different people is compatible when mixed
Fun fact about Rh factors
A person can have surface Rh antigens and be Rh+ or no antigens and be Rh-
Antigens on membrane of RBC
A, B, Rh
Who can and cant donate to who in blood type (4):
- can give to +
- can give to +
- can give to –
- can’t give to -
What are antigens on membrane of RBC composed of
Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids
Erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of new born
Antibodies in the mother’s blood attack the fetus. More common in second pregnancies
What can happen if hemolytic disease of new born occur
If mom is RH- and dad is RH+ then there is a 50% chance that baby can be RH+. If maternal immune cells encounter RH+ antigen on fetal blood cells, the immune system produces RH+ antibodies that can cross the placenta. IF they were to attach to fetal blood cells, the baby could die
How to prevent hemolytic disease of new born
Blood work is done. If mom is RH- then they will do blood work to determine if she has RH+ antibodies. If not, she will receive a medication called RhoGAM
RhoGAM
Needle injection given at birth on first child so that mother will not form memory cells that could form RH+ antibodies in body. The goal is to destroy any RBC in moms circulation before developing RH+ antibodies
5 types of blood vessels and functions:
- Arteries and arterioles: carry blood away from heart
- Veins and venules: carry blood back towards heart
- Capillaries: small blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Arterioles
Small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
How are arterioles related to blood pressure
Arterioles have the most increase in resistance and cause the largest decrease in blood pressure
Structural differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries have thick walls composed of three layers. Veins have thin walls and capillaries are very small and cannot be easily detected under magnification compared to arteries and veins
Subclavian artery
Provide blood supply to bilateral upper extremities with contributions to head and neck. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Subclavian vein
Drain deoxygenated blood from upper region of body including arms and shoulders to transport back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Jugular vein
Several veins of the neck that drain blood from brain, face, and neck to return to heart through superior vena cava. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Carotid artery
Located on either side of neck. They transport blood and oxygen to brain and head. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Mesenteric arteries
Provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to intestines. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Hepatic artery
Supplies oxygen-rich blood to liver, duodenum, and pancreas
Hepatic vein
Returns low-oxygenated blood from liver back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Renal artery
Carries large volumes of blood from heart to kidneys. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Renal vein
Carries blood from kidney to inferior vena (vein that carries blood to heart from lower region of body. There is a renal vein for each kidney. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Iliac artery
Provides blood to legs, pelvis, and reproductive organs and other organs in pelvic area. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Iliac vein
Carries deoxygenated blood from organs in pelvic area back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Pulmonary artery
Carries blood from right side of heart to lungs. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Pulmonary vein
Transports deoxygenated blood from lungs to heart. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Umbilical artery
Arises from internal iliac artery. It is a major part of fetal circulation and carries deoxygenated blood from fetal circulation to placenta. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Umbilical vein
Conduit for blood returning from placenta to fetus. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Hepatic portal vein
Carries blood from gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to liver. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Superior vena cava
Carries blood from head and chest area to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Inferior vena cava
Returns blood from lower body regions to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Coronary artery
Supplies blood to heart muscle. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Coronary vein
Takes deoxygenated blood from heart muscles to right atrium. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
Aorta
Main artery that carries blood away from heart to rest of body. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
Pathway of blood
Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through interior and superior vena cava, and it passes through right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs where it then becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood gets brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins which will enter by the left atrium. The blood from left atrium flows into left ventricle. Then, the left ventricle pumps blood to aorta which will spread the oxygenated blood throughout body
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
Right ventricle
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it through pulmonary semilunar valve
Left ventricle
Connects nearly all organ systems and pumps oxygenated blood to body
SA node
Generates an electrical signal that causes upper heart chambers to contract
AV node
Electrically connects heart’s atria and ventricles to coordinate beating in the top of heart
Semilunar valve
Determines passage of blood between ventricles and main arteries
Tricuspid/bicuspid valves
When ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into atria
Chordae tendineae
Tendinous strands that hold the atrioventricular valves in place while heart pumps blood
Pulmonary trunk
Arterial output from right ventricle that transports deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
5 fetal modifications:
- Arterial duct
- Venous duct
- Oval opening
- Umbilical arteries
- Umbilical vein
Arterial duct
Connects aorta and pulmonary artery and carries blood away from heart
Venous duct
Shunt that allows oxygenated blood in umbilical vein to bypass liver
Lymphatic system
Network of tissues and vessels and organs that work together to move colourless, watery fluid called LYMPH back into circulatory system
Lymphatic system function (3):
- Transports excess tissue fluid (lymph) in your body and drains from cells
- Absorbs fats from digestive tract because they include fluids from intestines that contain fatty acids and glycerol
- Protects body against foreign invaders using lymph nodes
Why do lymph contain valves
Vessels are not pressurized so it moves by valves
What do lymph vessels connect with
Lymph nodes
Lymph node function
Filters and traps debris
Lymph
Fluid found in lymph vessels. It is formed from bits of blood and other body liquids called interstitial fluid and tissue fluid
What type of nutrients does lymph carry
Mostly fat. It distributes germ-fighting white cells and picks up any particles that are too big to be absorbed through capillary membrane
Right Lymphatic duct
The lymph from upper right body is emptied into blood at the right lymphatic duct and the lymph enters the right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
The lymph from the rest of the body is emptied into the blood at the thoracic duct and the lymph enters the left subclavian vein
Where is lymphoid tissue located
Neck, groin, and axillary
Foramen ovale
Opening in between the right and left atrium of fetal heart where blood Is directly carried to left atrium and bypasses pulmonary circuit because the lungs and liver wont function properly until after birth. Fetus gets O2 from placenta
What is contained in the walls of the septum
Cardiac muscle and membranous tissue
Specific purpose of septum in heart
Separates ventricles and allows proper blood flow through heart
Reason for the thickness between walls of arteries and veins
Arteries have thick walls and veins have thin walls. They are thicker in order to handle higher pressure of blood because arteries experience a pressure wave when blood is pumped
Reason for the thickness in walls of left and right ventricle
Left ventricles walls are thicker than the right because the left pumps blood further around the body whereas the right only fills the lungs
Does blood flow through heart muscle during contraction or relaxation
Relaxation
Why does pulse rate increase when active
Muscles need more oxygen when we exert ourselves so when we exercise, our hearts beat faster so that more blood can get out to body
Why is active blood pressure higher than resting
Blood pressure increases in order to push the flow of oxygenated blood through body
What can impact recovery time
Decline in physical fitness. The faster the recovery, the better shape he/she is in
How does age and gender impact blood pressure
Reduction in elastic tissues in arteries which causes them to stiffen and results in blood pressure to increase
Agglutination
Formation of clumps of cells from antibody-antigen complexes. It occurs when an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody
Why is it important to know hemoglobin levels
Checks overall health. Carries O2 and CO2 through blood so if hemoglobin levels are abnormal then you are anemic!
RBC function
Delivers O2 from lungs to tissues in body
Basophil function
Protects body from infections by responding to intruders like cancer cells
Eosinophil function
Consumes foreign substances can fight substances related to parasitic infections
Neutrophil function
Travels to site of infection and destroys them by ingesting and releasing enzymes
Lymphocyte function
Antibody production (B), or attacks foreign cells (T), or natural killer cells
Monocyte function
Travels through blood to tissue and becomes macrophage which surrounds and kills microorganisms
Platelets function
Forms blood clots when injured so platelets clump together to plug holes in blood vessels
Anti serum on O reaction
No reaction
Anti serum on A reaction
Clumping in blood drop A with anti A antibodies
Anti serum on B reaction
Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies
Anti serum on AB reaction
Clumping in both drops of blood
Positive Rh anti serum reaction
Clumps
Negative Rh anti serum reaction
No clumping
