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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > CIRCULATION UNIT TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CIRCULATION UNIT TEST REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

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3
Q

Heart size

A

About 14cm x 9cm (size of a fist)

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4
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Mediastinum. Space between the lungs, backbone, and sternum

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5
Q

Apex

A

Distal end of heart

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6
Q

Coronary arteries and where is it located

A

Supplies blood to the heart itself and is located on the surface of the heart

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7
Q

Fibrous Pericardium and its two layers

A

Enclose the heart (like a bag) and has two layers. Visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

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8
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains fluid to reduce friction

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9
Q

Largest blood vessel in body

A

Aorta

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10
Q

Walls of the heart (3):

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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11
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart which reduces friction

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12
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart and is made up of mostly cardiac muscle

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13
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin inner lining within chambers of the heart

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14
Q

Your heart is a ___ pump

A

Double pump

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15
Q

Pulmonary

A

Blood travels to the lungs and back

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16
Q

Systemic

A

Blood travels to the body and back

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17
Q

How many chambers does the heart have

A

4

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18
Q

Chambers of the heart (4):

A
  • 2 atria

- 2 ventricles

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19
Q

Functions of the 2 atria in chamber

A

Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins

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20
Q

Function of the 2 ventricles in chamber

A

Lower regions that receive blood from atria (above) and pumps blood out of the heart through arteries

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21
Q

Septum

A

Separates the right and left sides of heart

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22
Q

Function of the valves of the heart

A

Allows one way flow of blood

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23
Q

Valves of the heart (4):

A
  • 2 Atrioventricular valves

- 2 Semilunar valves

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24
Q

Another name for left atrioventricular valve

A

Bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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25
Q

Another name for right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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26
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve found

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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27
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between the right ventricle and the aorta

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28
Q

Cusps

A

Flaps of the valve

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29
Q

What are valves anchored to in the ventricles by cords

A

Chordae tendineae, which are anchored to papillary muscles

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30
Q

Chordae Tendineae function

A

Prevents valves of hearts from movements by holding flaps tightly against blood flow so it allows it to flow in one direction

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31
Q

Septal defect

A

Hole in heart

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32
Q

Significance of the cardiac muscle

A

Unlike any other muscles, cardiac muscle found only in the heart can auto rhymical meaning it can contract without neutral stimulation

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33
Q

Heart sound and how is it produced

A

“Lub dub”. Sound of the heart is the opening and closing of the valves

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34
Q

What instrument measures heart sounds

A

Stethoscope

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35
Q

How is pulse rate defined

A

Number of beats per minute

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36
Q

Normal range of pulse rate for females

A

66-69

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37
Q

Normal range of pulse rate for males

A

55-62

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38
Q

Pathway of blood flow

A

Left ventricle  Aorta (largest blood vessel in body)  Throughout body  Superior and inferior vena cava  Right atrium  Right ventricle  Pulmonary trunk  lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium  left ventricle

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39
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses

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40
Q

What controls regulation of cardiac cycle

A

Controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata

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41
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system:

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

- Sympathetic nervous system

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42
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Causes heartbeat to be in a normal or relaxed state

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43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Causes heartbeat to increase. This occurs when you are scared and causes a fight or flight response

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44
Q

Primary pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

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45
Q

Secondary pacemaker

A

Atrioventricular node (A-V)

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46
Q

Steps involved in cardiac cycle (5):

A
  • SA node (primary pacemaker) generates rhythmic impulses which spread myocardium causing both atria to contract = opening/closing of tricuspid and bicuspid create LUBB sound
  • Junctional fibers carry impulses into A-V node
  • A-V node conducts impulses from atria through septum to ventricles
  • Bundle of hiss (A-V bundle) within interventricular septum. Right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of ventricles
  • Purkinje fibers branch throughout walls of ventricles and carry impulse rapidly to stimulate contraction. This causes the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and aortic semi-lunar valve to open and close to cause DUBB sound
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47
Q

EKG / ECG (electrocardiogram)

A

A recording of the heartbeat changes during a cardiac cycle

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48
Q

How does an EKG measure heartbeat

A

Records electrical activity of heart through small electrode patches attached to skin of chest, arms and legs

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49
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of atria (Atrial contraction – SYSTOLE)

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50
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles (Ventricular contraction – SYSTOLE)

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51
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles (Atrial and ventricular relaxation – DIASTOLE)

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52
Q

Systole

A

Heart contracts to pump blood out

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53
Q

Diastole

A

Heart relaxes after contraction

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54
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate over 100 beats per minute

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55
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate action. Below 60 beats per minute

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56
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

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57
Q

Arteries

A

Strong elastic vessels that carry blood moving away from the heart

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58
Q

What do arteries carry

A

Oxygen and nutrients about 96% of the time

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59
Q

Veins

A

Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood towards heart

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60
Q

What do veins carry

A

Carbon dioxide and wastes about 96% of the time

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61
Q

Efficiency of blood flow in veins

A

Not very efficient

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62
Q

Capillaries and what are they composed of

A

Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are composed of a single layer of squamous cells (thin)

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63
Q

Significance of capillaries

A

Exchanges nutrients and wastes

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64
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Circular, valve-like muscle at arteriole capillary junction

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65
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing blood vessel

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66
Q

Vasodilation

A

Expanding blood vessel

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67
Q

4 major blood vessels:

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior/inferior vena cava
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68
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs and leaves left ventricle

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69
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Returns blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)

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70
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

Return blood from the head and body to the heart (connects to right atrium)

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71
Q

4 branches of the aorta

A
  • Right and left coronary arteries
  • Brachiocephalic artery
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian artery
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72
Q

Right and left coronary arteries BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Supply blood to the heart

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73
Q

Brachiocephalic artery BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Right subclavian (arms) and right common carotid (neck, head)

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74
Q

Left common carotid BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Supplies blood to the head

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75
Q

Left subclavian artery BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Supplies blood to the left arms

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76
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted on walls of artery when heart contracts. Elastic and muscle fibers of middle layer expand and contract pushing blood along

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77
Q

What happens during ventricular systole

A

Aortic semilunar valve contracts and then during diastole, the aortic semilunar valve relaxes

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78
Q

Blood pressure cuffs

A

Measures force of blood in vessels

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79
Q

Does systole or diastole have a greater number reading in blood pressure

A

Systole because the ventricles are contracting so it reads a larger first number

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80
Q

Average blood pressure

A

120/80. 120 is systole (contraction) and the 80 is diastole (relaxation)

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81
Q

Hypertension

A

Chronic high blood pressure

82
Q

Hypotension

A

Chronic low blood pressure

83
Q

What factors affect blood pressure and explain (7):

A
  • Obesity (more mass means heart works harder to pump blood)
  • Diet (high saturated fatty acids = obstructed arteries)
  • Excess salt (retain more water in blood)
  • Smoking (nicotine constricts blood vessels)
  • Alcohol (lipid levels increase in blood)
  • Stress (activates sympathetic nervous system = increased heart rate and constricts blood vessels)
  • Heredity (passed on genes)
84
Q

Blood

A

Transports substances and maintains homeostasis in body

85
Q

Hematophobia

A

Abnormal or persistent fear of blood

86
Q

What kind of tissue is blood

A

Composed of 2 basic components. Red and white blood cells and platelets taking up about 45% and plasma (water, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, hormones. Etc) taking up 55%

87
Q

Where is blood created

A

Bone marrow

88
Q

Specialized cells in bone marrow

A

Stem cells

89
Q

4 types of stem cells:

A
  • Core blood stem cells – fetal tissues
  • Embryonic stem cells – developing embryos
  • Adult stem cells – adult tissues
  • Bone marrow stem cells – in bone marrow
90
Q

Stem cell transplants

A

Lifesaving treatment options for more than 30,000 patients a year to those who are diagnosed with diseases like leukemia, lymphoma and other genetic disorders

91
Q

3 types of blood cells:

A
  • Erythrocytes – red blood cells
  • Leukocytes – white blood cells
  • Thrombocytes – platelets
92
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin

93
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin

94
Q

What do red blood cells contain

A

Oxyhemoglobin which is a hemoglobin that carries oxygen and carbaminohemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide

95
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are contained in ONE RED BLOOD CELL

A

200 million

96
Q

Life span of a red blood cell

A

120 days

97
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed

A

Liver and then the “HEME” portion of hemoglobin is broken down to biliverdin to make bile salts

98
Q

Why are bruises sometimes green

A

Because of the hemoglobin being broken down to biliverdin for bile salts has green pigments

99
Q

What is biliverdin converted to and what does it produce

A

Bilirubin and it makes urochrome which is a yellow color when excreted

100
Q

Important element to produce hemoglobin for RBC

A

Iron

101
Q

Anemia

A

Condition where you lack healthy RBC to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues. It can make you feel tired and weak

102
Q

2 types of anemia:

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia – most common in women from lack of iron in diet. Without iron, body cannot produce enough hemoglobin for RBC
  • Pernicious anemia – lack of vitamin B-12 and folate in diet
103
Q

White blood cells function

A

Defund the body against disease-causing agents

104
Q

Platelet’s function

A

Aid and initiate formation of blood clots and close breaks in damaged blood vessels

105
Q

Blood plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood (55% water)

106
Q

Blood plasma function

A

Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and pH

107
Q

3 types of plasma proteins:

A
  • Albumins – used to transport proteins and vitamins in blood
  • Globulins – used to transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in blood
  • Fibrinogen – proteins that is converted to fibrin and forms mesh that impedes flow of blood
108
Q

Gamma-globulins function with immune system

A

They are proteins that function with the immune system called immunoglobins AKA antibodies

109
Q

How is blood type controlled

A

Controlled by 3 Alleles on a gene

110
Q

Alleles

A

A, B, O

111
Q

Codominant blood type

A

A and B

112
Q

Recessive

A

O

113
Q

What genotypes are possible for each blood type (4):

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O
114
Q

Why is type O a universal doner

A

Because their donated RBC have no A or B or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group.

115
Q

Blood transfusions and the significance of receiving your proper blood type

A

There are antigens on the surface of your cells and they can cause a reaction if your immune system does not recognize them as being a part of you

116
Q

Universal receiver (blood type)

A

AB because it has no antibodies

117
Q

Universal receiver (blood type)

A

AB because it has no antibodies

118
Q

Rh factor

A

Another antigen on a RBC which distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. It is an important protein on RBCs used to indicate whether the blood of two different people is compatible when mixed

119
Q

Fun fact about Rh factors

A

A person can have surface Rh antigens and be Rh+ or no antigens and be Rh-

120
Q

Antigens on membrane of RBC

A

A, B, Rh

121
Q

Who can and cant donate to who in blood type (4):

A
    • can give to +
    • can give to +
    • can give to –
    • can’t give to -
122
Q

What are antigens on membrane of RBC composed of

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids

123
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of new born

A

Antibodies in the mother’s blood attack the fetus. More common in second pregnancies

124
Q

What can happen if hemolytic disease of new born occur

A

If mom is RH- and dad is RH+ then there is a 50% chance that baby can be RH+. If maternal immune cells encounter RH+ antigen on fetal blood cells, the immune system produces RH+ antibodies that can cross the placenta. IF they were to attach to fetal blood cells, the baby could die

125
Q

How to prevent hemolytic disease of new born

A

Blood work is done. If mom is RH- then they will do blood work to determine if she has RH+ antibodies. If not, she will receive a medication called RhoGAM

126
Q

RhoGAM

A

Needle injection given at birth on first child so that mother will not form memory cells that could form RH+ antibodies in body. The goal is to destroy any RBC in moms circulation before developing RH+ antibodies

127
Q

5 types of blood vessels and functions:

A
  • Arteries and arterioles: carry blood away from heart
  • Veins and venules: carry blood back towards heart
  • Capillaries: small blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
128
Q

Arterioles

A

Small branch of an artery leading into capillaries

129
Q

How are arterioles related to blood pressure

A

Arterioles have the most increase in resistance and cause the largest decrease in blood pressure

130
Q

Structural differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

Arteries have thick walls composed of three layers. Veins have thin walls and capillaries are very small and cannot be easily detected under magnification compared to arteries and veins

131
Q

Subclavian artery

A

Provide blood supply to bilateral upper extremities with contributions to head and neck. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

132
Q

Subclavian vein

A

Drain deoxygenated blood from upper region of body including arms and shoulders to transport back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

133
Q

Jugular vein

A

Several veins of the neck that drain blood from brain, face, and neck to return to heart through superior vena cava. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

134
Q

Carotid artery

A

Located on either side of neck. They transport blood and oxygen to brain and head. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

135
Q

Mesenteric arteries

A

Provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to intestines. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

136
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to liver, duodenum, and pancreas

137
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Returns low-oxygenated blood from liver back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

138
Q

Renal artery

A

Carries large volumes of blood from heart to kidneys. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

139
Q

Renal vein

A

Carries blood from kidney to inferior vena (vein that carries blood to heart from lower region of body. There is a renal vein for each kidney. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

140
Q

Iliac artery

A

Provides blood to legs, pelvis, and reproductive organs and other organs in pelvic area. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

141
Q

Iliac vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from organs in pelvic area back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

142
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood from right side of heart to lungs. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

143
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from lungs to heart. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

144
Q

Umbilical artery

A

Arises from internal iliac artery. It is a major part of fetal circulation and carries deoxygenated blood from fetal circulation to placenta. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

145
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Conduit for blood returning from placenta to fetus. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

146
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Carries blood from gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to liver. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

147
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Carries blood from head and chest area to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

148
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Returns blood from lower body regions to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

149
Q

Coronary artery

A

Supplies blood to heart muscle. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

150
Q

Coronary vein

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from heart muscles to right atrium. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE

151
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery that carries blood away from heart to rest of body. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE

152
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through interior and superior vena cava, and it passes through right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs where it then becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood gets brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins which will enter by the left atrium. The blood from left atrium flows into left ventricle. Then, the left ventricle pumps blood to aorta which will spread the oxygenated blood throughout body

153
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins

154
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

155
Q

Right ventricle

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it through pulmonary semilunar valve

156
Q

Left ventricle

A

Connects nearly all organ systems and pumps oxygenated blood to body

157
Q

SA node

A

Generates an electrical signal that causes upper heart chambers to contract

158
Q

AV node

A

Electrically connects heart’s atria and ventricles to coordinate beating in the top of heart

159
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Determines passage of blood between ventricles and main arteries

160
Q

Tricuspid/bicuspid valves

A

When ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into atria

161
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Tendinous strands that hold the atrioventricular valves in place while heart pumps blood

162
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Arterial output from right ventricle that transports deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation

163
Q

5 fetal modifications:

A
  • Arterial duct
  • Venous duct
  • Oval opening
  • Umbilical arteries
  • Umbilical vein
164
Q

Arterial duct

A

Connects aorta and pulmonary artery and carries blood away from heart

165
Q

Venous duct

A

Shunt that allows oxygenated blood in umbilical vein to bypass liver

166
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network of tissues and vessels and organs that work together to move colourless, watery fluid called LYMPH back into circulatory system

167
Q

Lymphatic system function (3):

A
  • Transports excess tissue fluid (lymph) in your body and drains from cells
  • Absorbs fats from digestive tract because they include fluids from intestines that contain fatty acids and glycerol
  • Protects body against foreign invaders using lymph nodes
168
Q

Why do lymph contain valves

A

Vessels are not pressurized so it moves by valves

169
Q

What do lymph vessels connect with

A

Lymph nodes

170
Q

Lymph node function

A

Filters and traps debris

171
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid found in lymph vessels. It is formed from bits of blood and other body liquids called interstitial fluid and tissue fluid

172
Q

What type of nutrients does lymph carry

A

Mostly fat. It distributes germ-fighting white cells and picks up any particles that are too big to be absorbed through capillary membrane

173
Q

Right Lymphatic duct

A

The lymph from upper right body is emptied into blood at the right lymphatic duct and the lymph enters the right subclavian vein

174
Q

Thoracic duct

A

The lymph from the rest of the body is emptied into the blood at the thoracic duct and the lymph enters the left subclavian vein

175
Q

Where is lymphoid tissue located

A

Neck, groin, and axillary

176
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Opening in between the right and left atrium of fetal heart where blood Is directly carried to left atrium and bypasses pulmonary circuit because the lungs and liver wont function properly until after birth. Fetus gets O2 from placenta

177
Q

What is contained in the walls of the septum

A

Cardiac muscle and membranous tissue

178
Q

Specific purpose of septum in heart

A

Separates ventricles and allows proper blood flow through heart

179
Q

Reason for the thickness between walls of arteries and veins

A

Arteries have thick walls and veins have thin walls. They are thicker in order to handle higher pressure of blood because arteries experience a pressure wave when blood is pumped

180
Q

Reason for the thickness in walls of left and right ventricle

A

Left ventricles walls are thicker than the right because the left pumps blood further around the body whereas the right only fills the lungs

181
Q

Does blood flow through heart muscle during contraction or relaxation

A

Relaxation

182
Q

Why does pulse rate increase when active

A

Muscles need more oxygen when we exert ourselves so when we exercise, our hearts beat faster so that more blood can get out to body

183
Q

Why is active blood pressure higher than resting

A

Blood pressure increases in order to push the flow of oxygenated blood through body

184
Q

What can impact recovery time

A

Decline in physical fitness. The faster the recovery, the better shape he/she is in

185
Q

How does age and gender impact blood pressure

A

Reduction in elastic tissues in arteries which causes them to stiffen and results in blood pressure to increase

186
Q

Agglutination

A

Formation of clumps of cells from antibody-antigen complexes. It occurs when an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody

187
Q

Why is it important to know hemoglobin levels

A

Checks overall health. Carries O2 and CO2 through blood so if hemoglobin levels are abnormal then you are anemic!

188
Q

RBC function

A

Delivers O2 from lungs to tissues in body

189
Q

Basophil function

A

Protects body from infections by responding to intruders like cancer cells

190
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Consumes foreign substances can fight substances related to parasitic infections

191
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Travels to site of infection and destroys them by ingesting and releasing enzymes

192
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

Antibody production (B), or attacks foreign cells (T), or natural killer cells

193
Q

Monocyte function

A

Travels through blood to tissue and becomes macrophage which surrounds and kills microorganisms

194
Q

Platelets function

A

Forms blood clots when injured so platelets clump together to plug holes in blood vessels

195
Q

Anti serum on O reaction

A

No reaction

196
Q

Anti serum on A reaction

A

Clumping in blood drop A with anti A antibodies

197
Q

Anti serum on B reaction

A

Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies

198
Q

Anti serum on AB reaction

A

Clumping in both drops of blood

199
Q

Positive Rh anti serum reaction

A

Clumps

200
Q

Negative Rh anti serum reaction

A

No clumping

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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