CIRCULATION UNIT TEST REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
Systemic circulation
A
Delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
2
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
Eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)
3
Q
Heart size
A
About 14cm x 9cm (size of a fist)
4
Q
Where is the heart located
A
Mediastinum. Space between the lungs, backbone, and sternum
5
Q
Apex
A
Distal end of heart
6
Q
Coronary arteries and where is it located
A
Supplies blood to the heart itself and is located on the surface of the heart
7
Q
Fibrous Pericardium and its two layers
A
Enclose the heart (like a bag) and has two layers. Visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
8
Q
Pericardial cavity
A
Contains fluid to reduce friction
9
Q
Largest blood vessel in body
A
Aorta
10
Q
Walls of the heart (3):
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
11
Q
Epicardium
A
Outer layer of heart which reduces friction
12
Q
Myocardium
A
Middle layer of heart and is made up of mostly cardiac muscle
13
Q
Endocardium
A
Thin inner lining within chambers of the heart
14
Q
Your heart is a ___ pump
A
Double pump
15
Q
Pulmonary
A
Blood travels to the lungs and back
16
Q
Systemic
A
Blood travels to the body and back
17
Q
How many chambers does the heart have
A
4
18
Q
Chambers of the heart (4):
A
- 2 atria
- 2 ventricles
19
Q
Functions of the 2 atria in chamber
A
Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins
20
Q
Function of the 2 ventricles in chamber
A
Lower regions that receive blood from atria (above) and pumps blood out of the heart through arteries
21
Q
Septum
A
Separates the right and left sides of heart
22
Q
Function of the valves of the heart
A
Allows one way flow of blood
23
Q
Valves of the heart (4):
A
- 2 Atrioventricular valves
- 2 Semilunar valves
24
Q
Another name for left atrioventricular valve
A
Bicuspid valve or mitral valve
25
Another name for right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
26
Where is the aortic semilunar valve found
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
27
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve
Between the right ventricle and the aorta
28
Cusps
Flaps of the valve
29
What are valves anchored to in the ventricles by cords
Chordae tendineae, which are anchored to papillary muscles
30
Chordae Tendineae function
Prevents valves of hearts from movements by holding flaps tightly against blood flow so it allows it to flow in one direction
31
Septal defect
Hole in heart
32
Significance of the cardiac muscle
Unlike any other muscles, cardiac muscle found only in the heart can auto rhymical meaning it can contract without neutral stimulation
33
Heart sound and how is it produced
"Lub dub”. Sound of the heart is the opening and closing of the valves
34
What instrument measures heart sounds
Stethoscope
35
How is pulse rate defined
Number of beats per minute
36
Normal range of pulse rate for females
66-69
37
Normal range of pulse rate for males
55-62
38
Pathway of blood flow
Left ventricle Aorta (largest blood vessel in body) Throughout body Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle
39
Cardiac conduction system
Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses
40
What controls regulation of cardiac cycle
Controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata
41
2 divisions of autonomic nervous system:
- Parasympathetic nervous system
| - Sympathetic nervous system
42
Parasympathetic nervous system
Causes heartbeat to be in a normal or relaxed state
43
Sympathetic nervous system
Causes heartbeat to increase. This occurs when you are scared and causes a fight or flight response
44
Primary pacemaker
Sinoatrial node (SA)
45
Secondary pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (A-V)
46
Steps involved in cardiac cycle (5):
- SA node (primary pacemaker) generates rhythmic impulses which spread myocardium causing both atria to contract = opening/closing of tricuspid and bicuspid create LUBB sound
- Junctional fibers carry impulses into A-V node
- A-V node conducts impulses from atria through septum to ventricles
- Bundle of hiss (A-V bundle) within interventricular septum. Right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of ventricles
- Purkinje fibers branch throughout walls of ventricles and carry impulse rapidly to stimulate contraction. This causes the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and aortic semi-lunar valve to open and close to cause DUBB sound
47
EKG / ECG (electrocardiogram)
A recording of the heartbeat changes during a cardiac cycle
48
How does an EKG measure heartbeat
Records electrical activity of heart through small electrode patches attached to skin of chest, arms and legs
49
P wave
Depolarization of atria (Atrial contraction – SYSTOLE)
50
QRS complex
Depolarization of ventricles (Ventricular contraction – SYSTOLE)
51
T wave
Repolarization of ventricles (Atrial and ventricular relaxation – DIASTOLE)
52
Systole
Heart contracts to pump blood out
53
Diastole
Heart relaxes after contraction
54
Tachycardia
Heart rate over 100 beats per minute
55
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate action. Below 60 beats per minute
56
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
57
Arteries
Strong elastic vessels that carry blood moving away from the heart
58
What do arteries carry
Oxygen and nutrients about 96% of the time
59
Veins
Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood towards heart
60
What do veins carry
Carbon dioxide and wastes about 96% of the time
61
Efficiency of blood flow in veins
Not very efficient
62
Capillaries and what are they composed of
Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are composed of a single layer of squamous cells (thin)
63
Significance of capillaries
Exchanges nutrients and wastes
64
Precapillary sphincters
Circular, valve-like muscle at arteriole capillary junction
65
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing blood vessel
66
Vasodilation
Expanding blood vessel
67
4 major blood vessels:
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary veins
- Superior/inferior vena cava
68
Pulmonary trunk
Splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs and leaves left ventricle
69
Pulmonary veins
Returns blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)
70
Superior and inferior vena cava
Return blood from the head and body to the heart (connects to right atrium)
71
4 branches of the aorta
- Right and left coronary arteries
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left common carotid
- Left subclavian artery
72
Right and left coronary arteries BLOOD SUPPLY
Supply blood to the heart
73
Brachiocephalic artery BLOOD SUPPLY
Right subclavian (arms) and right common carotid (neck, head)
74
Left common carotid BLOOD SUPPLY
Supplies blood to the head
75
Left subclavian artery BLOOD SUPPLY
Supplies blood to the left arms
76
Blood pressure
Pressure exerted on walls of artery when heart contracts. Elastic and muscle fibers of middle layer expand and contract pushing blood along
77
What happens during ventricular systole
Aortic semilunar valve contracts and then during diastole, the aortic semilunar valve relaxes
78
Blood pressure cuffs
Measures force of blood in vessels
79
Does systole or diastole have a greater number reading in blood pressure
Systole because the ventricles are contracting so it reads a larger first number
80
Average blood pressure
120/80. 120 is systole (contraction) and the 80 is diastole (relaxation)
81
Hypertension
Chronic high blood pressure
82
Hypotension
Chronic low blood pressure
83
What factors affect blood pressure and explain (7):
- Obesity (more mass means heart works harder to pump blood)
- Diet (high saturated fatty acids = obstructed arteries)
- Excess salt (retain more water in blood)
- Smoking (nicotine constricts blood vessels)
- Alcohol (lipid levels increase in blood)
- Stress (activates sympathetic nervous system = increased heart rate and constricts blood vessels)
- Heredity (passed on genes)
84
Blood
Transports substances and maintains homeostasis in body
85
Hematophobia
Abnormal or persistent fear of blood
86
What kind of tissue is blood
Composed of 2 basic components. Red and white blood cells and platelets taking up about 45% and plasma (water, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, hormones. Etc) taking up 55%
87
Where is blood created
Bone marrow
88
Specialized cells in bone marrow
Stem cells
89
4 types of stem cells:
- Core blood stem cells – fetal tissues
- Embryonic stem cells – developing embryos
- Adult stem cells – adult tissues
- Bone marrow stem cells – in bone marrow
90
Stem cell transplants
Lifesaving treatment options for more than 30,000 patients a year to those who are diagnosed with diseases like leukemia, lymphoma and other genetic disorders
91
3 types of blood cells:
- Erythrocytes – red blood cells
- Leukocytes – white blood cells
- Thrombocytes – platelets
92
Red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin
93
Red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout body and removes carbon dioxide and carries hydrogen ions using hemoglobin
94
What do red blood cells contain
Oxyhemoglobin which is a hemoglobin that carries oxygen and carbaminohemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide
95
How many hemoglobin molecules are contained in ONE RED BLOOD CELL
200 million
96
Life span of a red blood cell
120 days
97
Where are red blood cells destroyed
Liver and then the “HEME” portion of hemoglobin is broken down to biliverdin to make bile salts
98
Why are bruises sometimes green
Because of the hemoglobin being broken down to biliverdin for bile salts has green pigments
99
What is biliverdin converted to and what does it produce
Bilirubin and it makes urochrome which is a yellow color when excreted
100
Important element to produce hemoglobin for RBC
Iron
101
Anemia
Condition where you lack healthy RBC to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues. It can make you feel tired and weak
102
2 types of anemia:
- Iron deficiency anemia – most common in women from lack of iron in diet. Without iron, body cannot produce enough hemoglobin for RBC
- Pernicious anemia – lack of vitamin B-12 and folate in diet
103
White blood cells function
Defund the body against disease-causing agents
104
Platelet’s function
Aid and initiate formation of blood clots and close breaks in damaged blood vessels
105
Blood plasma
Liquid portion of blood (55% water)
106
Blood plasma function
Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and pH
107
3 types of plasma proteins:
- Albumins – used to transport proteins and vitamins in blood
- Globulins – used to transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in blood
- Fibrinogen – proteins that is converted to fibrin and forms mesh that impedes flow of blood
108
Gamma-globulins function with immune system
They are proteins that function with the immune system called immunoglobins AKA antibodies
109
How is blood type controlled
Controlled by 3 Alleles on a gene
110
Alleles
A, B, O
111
Codominant blood type
A and B
112
Recessive
O
113
What genotypes are possible for each blood type (4):
- Type A
- Type B
- Type AB
- Type O
114
Why is type O a universal doner
Because their donated RBC have no A or B or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group.
115
Blood transfusions and the significance of receiving your proper blood type
There are antigens on the surface of your cells and they can cause a reaction if your immune system does not recognize them as being a part of you
116
Universal receiver (blood type)
AB because it has no antibodies
117
Universal receiver (blood type)
AB because it has no antibodies
118
Rh factor
Another antigen on a RBC which distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. It is an important protein on RBCs used to indicate whether the blood of two different people is compatible when mixed
119
Fun fact about Rh factors
A person can have surface Rh antigens and be Rh+ or no antigens and be Rh-
120
Antigens on membrane of RBC
A, B, Rh
121
Who can and cant donate to who in blood type (4):
- + can give to +
- - can give to +
- - can give to –
- + can’t give to -
122
What are antigens on membrane of RBC composed of
Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids
123
Erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of new born
Antibodies in the mother’s blood attack the fetus. More common in second pregnancies
124
What can happen if hemolytic disease of new born occur
If mom is RH- and dad is RH+ then there is a 50% chance that baby can be RH+. If maternal immune cells encounter RH+ antigen on fetal blood cells, the immune system produces RH+ antibodies that can cross the placenta. IF they were to attach to fetal blood cells, the baby could die
125
How to prevent hemolytic disease of new born
Blood work is done. If mom is RH- then they will do blood work to determine if she has RH+ antibodies. If not, she will receive a medication called RhoGAM
126
RhoGAM
Needle injection given at birth on first child so that mother will not form memory cells that could form RH+ antibodies in body. The goal is to destroy any RBC in moms circulation before developing RH+ antibodies
127
5 types of blood vessels and functions:
- Arteries and arterioles: carry blood away from heart
- Veins and venules: carry blood back towards heart
- Capillaries: small blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
128
Arterioles
Small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
129
How are arterioles related to blood pressure
Arterioles have the most increase in resistance and cause the largest decrease in blood pressure
130
Structural differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries have thick walls composed of three layers. Veins have thin walls and capillaries are very small and cannot be easily detected under magnification compared to arteries and veins
131
Subclavian artery
Provide blood supply to bilateral upper extremities with contributions to head and neck. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
132
Subclavian vein
Drain deoxygenated blood from upper region of body including arms and shoulders to transport back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
133
Jugular vein
Several veins of the neck that drain blood from brain, face, and neck to return to heart through superior vena cava. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
134
Carotid artery
Located on either side of neck. They transport blood and oxygen to brain and head. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
135
Mesenteric arteries
Provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to intestines. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
136
Hepatic artery
Supplies oxygen-rich blood to liver, duodenum, and pancreas
137
Hepatic vein
Returns low-oxygenated blood from liver back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
138
Renal artery
Carries large volumes of blood from heart to kidneys. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
139
Renal vein
Carries blood from kidney to inferior vena (vein that carries blood to heart from lower region of body. There is a renal vein for each kidney. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
140
Iliac artery
Provides blood to legs, pelvis, and reproductive organs and other organs in pelvic area. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
141
Iliac vein
Carries deoxygenated blood from organs in pelvic area back to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
142
Pulmonary artery
Carries blood from right side of heart to lungs. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
143
Pulmonary vein
Transports deoxygenated blood from lungs to heart. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
144
Umbilical artery
Arises from internal iliac artery. It is a major part of fetal circulation and carries deoxygenated blood from fetal circulation to placenta. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
145
Umbilical vein
Conduit for blood returning from placenta to fetus. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
146
Hepatic portal vein
Carries blood from gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to liver. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
147
Superior vena cava
Carries blood from head and chest area to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
148
Inferior vena cava
Returns blood from lower body regions to heart. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
149
Coronary artery
Supplies blood to heart muscle. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
150
Coronary vein
Takes deoxygenated blood from heart muscles to right atrium. LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN WASTE
151
Aorta
Main artery that carries blood away from heart to rest of body. HIGH IN NUTRIENTS AND LOW IN WASTE
152
Pathway of blood
Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through interior and superior vena cava, and it passes through right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs where it then becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood gets brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins which will enter by the left atrium. The blood from left atrium flows into left ventricle. Then, the left ventricle pumps blood to aorta which will spread the oxygenated blood throughout body
153
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins
154
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
155
Right ventricle
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it through pulmonary semilunar valve
156
Left ventricle
Connects nearly all organ systems and pumps oxygenated blood to body
157
SA node
Generates an electrical signal that causes upper heart chambers to contract
158
AV node
Electrically connects heart’s atria and ventricles to coordinate beating in the top of heart
159
Semilunar valve
Determines passage of blood between ventricles and main arteries
160
Tricuspid/bicuspid valves
When ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into atria
161
Chordae tendineae
Tendinous strands that hold the atrioventricular valves in place while heart pumps blood
162
Pulmonary trunk
Arterial output from right ventricle that transports deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
163
5 fetal modifications:
- Arterial duct
- Venous duct
- Oval opening
- Umbilical arteries
- Umbilical vein
164
Arterial duct
Connects aorta and pulmonary artery and carries blood away from heart
165
Venous duct
Shunt that allows oxygenated blood in umbilical vein to bypass liver
166
Lymphatic system
Network of tissues and vessels and organs that work together to move colourless, watery fluid called LYMPH back into circulatory system
167
Lymphatic system function (3):
- Transports excess tissue fluid (lymph) in your body and drains from cells
- Absorbs fats from digestive tract because they include fluids from intestines that contain fatty acids and glycerol
- Protects body against foreign invaders using lymph nodes
168
Why do lymph contain valves
Vessels are not pressurized so it moves by valves
169
What do lymph vessels connect with
Lymph nodes
170
Lymph node function
Filters and traps debris
171
Lymph
Fluid found in lymph vessels. It is formed from bits of blood and other body liquids called interstitial fluid and tissue fluid
172
What type of nutrients does lymph carry
Mostly fat. It distributes germ-fighting white cells and picks up any particles that are too big to be absorbed through capillary membrane
173
Right Lymphatic duct
The lymph from upper right body is emptied into blood at the right lymphatic duct and the lymph enters the right subclavian vein
174
Thoracic duct
The lymph from the rest of the body is emptied into the blood at the thoracic duct and the lymph enters the left subclavian vein
175
Where is lymphoid tissue located
Neck, groin, and axillary
176
Foramen ovale
Opening in between the right and left atrium of fetal heart where blood Is directly carried to left atrium and bypasses pulmonary circuit because the lungs and liver wont function properly until after birth. Fetus gets O2 from placenta
177
What is contained in the walls of the septum
Cardiac muscle and membranous tissue
178
Specific purpose of septum in heart
Separates ventricles and allows proper blood flow through heart
179
Reason for the thickness between walls of arteries and veins
Arteries have thick walls and veins have thin walls. They are thicker in order to handle higher pressure of blood because arteries experience a pressure wave when blood is pumped
180
Reason for the thickness in walls of left and right ventricle
Left ventricles walls are thicker than the right because the left pumps blood further around the body whereas the right only fills the lungs
181
Does blood flow through heart muscle during contraction or relaxation
Relaxation
182
Why does pulse rate increase when active
Muscles need more oxygen when we exert ourselves so when we exercise, our hearts beat faster so that more blood can get out to body
183
Why is active blood pressure higher than resting
Blood pressure increases in order to push the flow of oxygenated blood through body
184
What can impact recovery time
Decline in physical fitness. The faster the recovery, the better shape he/she is in
185
How does age and gender impact blood pressure
Reduction in elastic tissues in arteries which causes them to stiffen and results in blood pressure to increase
186
Agglutination
Formation of clumps of cells from antibody-antigen complexes. It occurs when an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody
187
Why is it important to know hemoglobin levels
Checks overall health. Carries O2 and CO2 through blood so if hemoglobin levels are abnormal then you are anemic!
188
RBC function
Delivers O2 from lungs to tissues in body
189
Basophil function
Protects body from infections by responding to intruders like cancer cells
190
Eosinophil function
Consumes foreign substances can fight substances related to parasitic infections
191
Neutrophil function
Travels to site of infection and destroys them by ingesting and releasing enzymes
192
Lymphocyte function
Antibody production (B), or attacks foreign cells (T), or natural killer cells
193
Monocyte function
Travels through blood to tissue and becomes macrophage which surrounds and kills microorganisms
194
Platelets function
Forms blood clots when injured so platelets clump together to plug holes in blood vessels
195
Anti serum on O reaction
No reaction
196
Anti serum on A reaction
Clumping in blood drop A with anti A antibodies
197
Anti serum on B reaction
Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies
198
Anti serum on AB reaction
Clumping in both drops of blood
199
Positive Rh anti serum reaction
Clumps
200
Negative Rh anti serum reaction
No clumping
