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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM UNIT TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM UNIT TEST REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Overall function of the digestive system

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients by cells

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2
Q

What does the digestive system consist of

A

Alimentary canal (9 meters from mouth to anus) and accessory organs

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3
Q

Pathway of digestion

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal

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4
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus during digestion.

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5
Q

Structure of the wall of alimentary canal (4):

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscular layer
  • Serosa
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6
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane. Protects tissues, and carries out absorption

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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8
Q

Muscular layer

A

Smooth muscle tissue, circular and longitudinal fibers, pushes food

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9
Q

Serosa

A

Serosa layer. Visceral peritoneum, outer covering of the tube, moistens and lubricates structures

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10
Q

Mixing movements

A

Rhythmic contractions that mix food from digestive juices

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11
Q

Propelling movements

A

Rings of muscles contract and relax to push food down the canal called PERISTALSIS

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12
Q

PeristalsiS

A

Series of muscle contractions

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13
Q

Mouth

A

Begins digestion by reducing size of particles (chewing) and mixing with saliva

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14
Q

Tongue

A

Moves food during chewing, connects to the floor of mouth and contains papillae (taste buds)

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15
Q

Palate

A

Forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft), uvula at back of mouth

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16
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Back of the mouth/throat, they protect against infections

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17
Q

Teeth

A

Primary vs secondary teeth; incisors, cuspids, bicuspids (premolars), molars

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18
Q

Anatomy of a tooth (4):

A
  • Crown
  • Root
  • Enamel
  • Dentin
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19
Q

Crown (TOOTH)

A

Projects above gums

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20
Q

Root (TOOTH)

A

Anchored to alveolar process of jaw

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21
Q

Enamel (TOOTH)

A

Made of calcium salts, hardest substance in body

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22
Q

Dentin (TOOTH)

A

Similar to bone, surrounds tooth’s central cavity

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23
Q

Significance of blood vessels and nerves to tooth

A

They extend through the tooth through the root canal

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24
Q

Production of salivary amylase

A

Serous cells

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25
Q

What can salivary amylase do

A

Splits starch or glycogen + water into maltose

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26
Q

Production of mucous

A

Mucous cells produce mucus which are used for lubrication during swallowing

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27
Q

3 different salivary glands:

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
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28
Q

Pharynx

A

Tube located from behind the nose to the top of trachea and esophagus. Region where food and air passes

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29
Q

Esophagus

A

Hollow muscular tube that carries food and liquid from your throat to your stomach. It penetrates the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus

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30
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Located above stomach. It prevents food and chemicals from moving up stomach

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31
Q

3 sets of stomach muscles

A

Longitudinal, oblique, circular

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32
Q

4 main parts of the stomach:

A
  • Cardiac
  • Fundic
  • Body
  • Pyloric
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33
Q

Cardiac (STOMACH)

A

Esophageal opening, cardiac sphincter

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34
Q

Fundic (STOMACH)

A

Temporary storage area, lies slightly above cardiac region

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35
Q

Body (STOMACH)

A

Central area of stomach

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36
Q

Pyloric (STOMACH)

A

Pyloric sphincter, controls emptying of the stomach into the small intestine

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37
Q

Lining of a stomach

A

Mucous membrane with small openings called gastric pits that contain gastric glands

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38
Q

What do gastric glands release

A

Gastric juice

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39
Q

What is gastric juice composed of

A

Pepsinogen + HCl = Pepsin

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40
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down proteins and water in peptides

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41
Q

Chyme

A

Paste of food molecules after it’s been broken down by the movement of stomach and gastric juices. It is released from pyloric sphincter valve into the duodenum

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42
Q

Rugae

A

Folds within the stomach, and increases surface area

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43
Q

Pancreas

A

Has exocrine functions and contains pancreatic glands that secrete pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct. It also has endocrine functions that can produce and secrete hormones insulin and glucagon

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44
Q

Acronym for pancreatic juice

A

PLANTS

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45
Q

What is contained in pancreatic juice:

A
  • Pancreas
  • Lipase; breaks down fat and water into fatty acids and glycerol
  • Amylase; breaks down starch and water in maltose
  • Nuclease; breaks down nucleic acids and water into nucleotides
  • Trypsin; breaks down proteins and water into peptides
  • Sodium bicarbonate; acts as a buffer to neutralize the acid chyme to become a pH of 8-9
46
Q

Where is insulin made

A

Beta cells

47
Q

Where is glucagon made

A

Alpha cells

48
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted when body has high sugar levels in blood

49
Q

3 things insulin causes:

A
  • Excess glucose stored as glycogen in liver
  • Excess glucose converted and stored as adipose tissue
  • Body cells uptake glucose and use for energy
50
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted when body has low sugar levels in blood

51
Q

3 things glucagon causes:

A
  • Glycogen converted back to glucose and put back into blood
  • Body cells stop the uptake of glucose
  • Adipose tissue can be converted back to glucose
52
Q

Characteristic of the liver

A

Has large right and small left lobe

53
Q

Biliary system

A

System of organs including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas that are associated in the function to produce, store, secrete and transport bile

54
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Delivers blood to the liver

55
Q

7 functions of the biliary system:

A
  • Maintains blood sugar. Glucose is stored as glycogen or glycogen can be converted to glucose
  • Creates/secretes bile
  • Deamination (removal) of excess amino acids
  • Stores iron and vitamin
  • Destroys damaged red blood cells
  • Detoxifies and removes toxic substances
  • Creates plasma proteins (Fibrinogen, blood clotting)
56
Q

Bile

A

Yellowish-green liquid secreted from hepatic cells. Aids in digestion by breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets

57
Q

Jaundice condition

A

Bile pigments build up in blood and skin becomes green

58
Q

How is the common bile duct formed

A

When hepatic duct joins the cystic duct

59
Q

Where is bile made

A

Liver but stored in gall bladder

60
Q

Small intestine characteristic

A

Tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter. It has many loops and coils and fills most of the abdominal cavity

61
Q

Small intestine overall function

A

Secrete intestinal juice from intestinal glands. Intestinal juice used to break down food and carry nutrients to blood for absorption using villi

62
Q

Where does the small intestine receive its secretions

A

Pancreas and the liver. It completes digestion of nutrients and chyme

63
Q

First part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

64
Q

Second part of the small intestine and how long

A

Jejunum 2.2m

65
Q

Third part of the small intestine and how long

A

Ileum 3.3m

66
Q

Mesentery

A

Supports the coils of small intestine and contains blood vessels to carry nutrients

67
Q

Greater omentum

A

Peritoneum membrane that drapes like an apron over parts of the system

68
Q

Intestinal villi

A

Increases surface area for absorption

69
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Release intestinal juice

70
Q

Acronym for intestinal juice

A

My penis needs some love

71
Q

What is contained in intestinal juice:

A
  • Maltase; breaks down maltose + water into glucose and glucose
  • Peptidase; breaks down peptides + water in amino acids
  • Nucleosidase; breaks down nucleotides and water in phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen base
  • Sucrase; breaks down sucrose + water into glucose and fructose
  • Lactase; breaks down lactose + water into glucose and galactose
72
Q

Nutrients that can be absorbed in the villi (9):

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Phosphate
  • Pentose sugar
  • Nitrogen base
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycerol
73
Q

Mode of transport for the nutrients that can be absorbed in villi

A

All are active transport except for fatty acids and glycerol which are through diffusion

74
Q

Where in the villus are the nutrients absorbed

A

All are in the capillary net except for fatty acids and glycerol which are absorbed in the lacteal

75
Q

Why are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed in the lacteal

A

Cannot be transported in the capillaries since fatty acids and glycerol will block the blood flow

76
Q

Why is the large intestine called the large intestine

A

Has a larger diameter than the small intestine

77
Q

Beginning of the large intestine

A

Cecum. It is pouchlike and the closed end is called the appendix

78
Q

Colon

A

Ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid

79
Q

Rectum

A

Stores waste before expelled from body

80
Q

Anus

A

Muscular sphincter which controls exit of waste

81
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

82
Q

What does large intestine contain and why

A

E.Coli to produce amino acids, vitamin K, and growth factors and can help digestion process

83
Q

Mass movements large intestine

A

Large portions of colon contract to move materials through it using defecations.

84
Q

Defecations

A

Process where feces stored in the rectum leave out the anus

85
Q

Some disorders of the digestive system (6):

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Stomach ulcers
  • Hepatitis
  • Gallstones
  • Celiac disease
  • Crohns disease
86
Q

Besides undigested food, what do feces contain

A

Bile pigment, bacteria

87
Q

Physical/mechanical digestion

A

Chewing/movement of food throughout digestive tract

88
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes and digestive juices breakdown food to be absorbed in body

89
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed ball of food ready for swallowing

90
Q

When you swallow, why does food not go down trachea

A

Epiglottis covers opening into trachea

91
Q

When you swallow, why does food not go up nasopharynx into nose

A

Uvula covers nasopharynx opening

92
Q

Tube connecting pharynx to stomach

A

Esophagus

93
Q

Peristalsis process

A

Wave like rhythmic contractions pushes food along body

94
Q

pH of food in stomach

A

2-4

95
Q

Chyme

A

Semisolid food in stomach

96
Q

How long does food usually stay in stomach

A

2-6 hours

97
Q

How are ulcers caused

A

When HCL penetrates mucus lining of stomach, you get autodigestion of the wall

98
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

99
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gallbladder

100
Q

How does bile get secreted into duodenum

A

Common bile duct

101
Q

Hormone that stimulates release of bile

A

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

102
Q

What food stimulates production of CCK

A

Fat

103
Q

How does CCK reach gallbladder

A

Bloodstream through endocrine gland

104
Q

Where does pancreatic juice perform function

A

Duodenum

105
Q

How does pancreatic juice reach duodenum

A

Pancreatic duct through exocrine gland

106
Q

Function of sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

A

Neutralizes acidity of chyme from stomach

107
Q

Hormone controlling secretion of pancreatic juice

A

Secretin

108
Q

Where is secretin produced

A

Duodenal wall

109
Q

What stimulates production of secretin

A

HCI present in chyme

110
Q

Absorption

A

Process of taking nutrients from digestive system into the blood to be used for body

111
Q

How is the small intestine specialized for absorption

A

Villi which has an increase in surface area beneficial for absorption

112
Q

Where does absorption occur

A

Across wall of each villus in small intestine

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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