Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 12 > CELL MEMBRANE & TRANSPORTATION TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CELL MEMBRANE & TRANSPORTATION TEST REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Unit membrane theory

A

All membranes in all organisms are made the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

They are the gateway into the cell and must allow items such as nutrients into the cell without letting them escape. It also allows waste to leave the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parts of the fluid mosaic model (6):

A
  • Phospholipid
  • Glycolipid
  • Glycocalyx
  • Glycoprotein
  • Peripheral protein
  • Integral protein
  • Cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glycolipid

A

Carbohydrate chain attached to phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate chain that act as ID markers for cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Carbohydrate chain attached to protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Stabilizes and gives shape to membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Integral protein

A

Allows substances to move/exit membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluid portion of the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

A

Double layer of phospholipid molecules that move like a light consistency of oil (fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mosaic portion of the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

A

Proteins (wholly integral or partially peripherical embedded into phospholipid bilayer which forms the mosaic pattern on membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycocalyx that are attached to protein are called

A

Glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glycocalyx that are attached to phospholipid bilayers are called

A

Glycolipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Channel protein

A

Allows molecule or ion cross the cell membrane based on size (glucose, ions, H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carrier protein

A

Interacts with specific molecule or ions to cross cell membrane (Na+K+ Pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of energy do carrier protein sometimes need

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Receptor protein

A

Shaped in a way so that a specific molecule (specialized protein hormone) can bind to it (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell recognition protein

A

Glycocalyx is different for each person. It indicates if cell is foreign to the body (organ transplants, blood transfusions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Enzymatic protein

A

Speeds up a chemical reaction (lactase, sucrase, maltase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of molecules that can enter/exit membrane (4):

A
  • Size. Smaller the molecule, the faster it can go through
  • Shape. Awkward/rigid/irregular the molecular, the harder it is to pass through
  • Charge. Ions with a charge have a hard time getting through the membrane
  • Chemical composition of molecule. Non charged molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of molecules that can easily pass through

A

Lipids such as steroids, phospholipids, neutral fats, fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

Membrane that allows some participles to pass through by size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Membrane that chooses what passes through and size is not a factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many ways of transportation is there to move molecules

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name of transportation 1 of molecules

A

Passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy required but requires a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

Region where there are more molecules on one side than the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 forms of passive transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion/transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spreading of something more widely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Examples of diffusion

A

Farts, diffusion of O2 or CO2 in lungs, perfume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Law of diffusion

A

Particles move from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration until equally concentrated (equilibrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is diffusion a fast or slow process, is energy required

A

Slow and no energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the rate of diffusion affected

A

Through the concentration gradient between two regions, size and shape of molecules and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Distribution of molecules that is used to speed up the flow of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 ways of increasing the rate of diffusion:

A
  • Increase temperature (increases kinetic energy of molecules)
  • Increase concentration gradient
  • Decrease size of diffusing molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lipid soluble

A

Molecules like steroids and alcohol can diffuse directly across because the membrane itself is made of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Water diffusing

A

Water diffuses readily across membrane through charged, protein lined pores in membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from high concentration to low across semi or selectively permeable membrane until equal concentration is achieved. This is the diffusion of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why does the thistle tube rise

A

More H2O molecules outside solution than inside tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Water is a universal ___

A

Universal solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure let out on the membrane due to the flow of water from area of higher concentration to lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Region where 1 side has more molecules than the other side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do you determine how high the osmotic pressure is

A

Greater concentration difference across membrane = greater osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted on membrane due to weight of liquid pushing back on membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How is equilibrium achieved

A

Osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure (H2O exiting tube = H2O entering tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Facilitated transport function

A

Utilizes carrier or channel proteins in cell membrane to control passage of molecules in and out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What molecules are facilitated transport specific to

A

Glucose or amino acids (Lipid insoluble molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do molecules in facilitated transport move

A

High to low concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Do facilitated transport use energy

A

No ATP energy required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Tonicity

A

Strength of solution based on solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How is the concentration of a solution found

A

The amount of solute in a given volume of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture created when solutes dissolve in a solvent

53
Q

Solvent

A

Fluid used to dissolve a solute

54
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is being dissolved in a solvent (water)

55
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution concentration higher than that inside cell. Can’t cross membrane

56
Q

Crenation

A

When animal cells (red blood cells) are placed in hypertonic solutions and shrivel up

57
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When plant cells shrink when placed in hypertonic solutions due to osmosis. Central vacuole loses water, cell membrane shrinks and pulls away from cell wall

58
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution concentration lower and contains more water Cell will plump/swell

59
Q

Hemolysis

A

When animal cells (red blood cells) are placed in hypotonic solution, they will swell and burst

60
Q

What causes turgor pressure

A

Plant cells. As water enters, pressure builds up inside the cell and membrane

61
Q

Name of transport 2 of molecules

A

Active transport

62
Q

Active transport

A

Can go with or against a concentration gradient

63
Q

Does active transport require energy

A

Yes, ATP

64
Q

3 forms of active transport:

A
  • Using carrier or channel proteins
  • Endocytosis
    i. Phagocytosis (cell eating)
    ii. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
    iii. Receptor mediated endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
65
Q

What does active transport require

A

Carrier and channel proteins

66
Q

Direction of active transport

A

Can go again or with concentration gradient

67
Q

Why is active transport vitally important to organisms

A

Moves Iodine from blood to thyroid

68
Q

2 examples of active transport

A

Sodium transport out urine by kidney cells, and sodium|potassium pump in nerve/muscle cells moves the sodium from inside to the outside of cell

69
Q

Process of Na|K pump:

A
  • Carrier has shape that allows it to take up 3 Na ions
  • ATP is split and phosphate group transferred to carrier
  • Change in shape cause carrier to release 3 Na ions outside cell. New shape allows carrier to take up 2 K ions
  • Phosphate group released from carrier
  • Change in shape causes carrier to release K ions inside cell. New shape allows it to take up 3 Na ions again
70
Q

Endocytosis

A

Takes in particles from the outside of cell. Cell membrane forms a vesicle or vacuole around substance to be taken in

71
Q

Endocytosis requires energy?

A

Yes, ATP

72
Q

3 forms of endocytosis:

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating. Vacuole forms around cell

74
Q

Examples of phagocytosis

A

White blood cells engulfing debris like worn out RBC or bacteria. Amoebas ingesting food.

75
Q

What microscope is used to observe phagocytosis

A

Compound

76
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking. Vesicles form around a liquid or around macromolecule (polypeptide).

77
Q

Examples of pinocytosis

A

Lysosomes engulfing cell debris

78
Q

What microscope is used to observe pinocytosis

A

Electron

79
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Form of pinocytosis where molecules of substances like VITAMIN, PROTEIN HORMONE, OR LIPOPROTEIN can bind to receptor proteins on surface of cell membrane

80
Q

What is the receptor-mediated endocytosis also referred to

A

Coated vesicle

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

Reverse of endocytosis. Vacuole within cell fuses with cell membrane and the vacuole contents are deposited on the outside.

82
Q

Importance of exocytosis

A

Secretion and excretion of cells

83
Q

Function of vesicles in exocytosis

A

Vesicles produced by the golgi fuse with cell membrane as secretion occurs.

84
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Proteins released adhere to cell surface during EXOCYTOSIS and become incorporated to extracellular fluid

85
Q

2 examples of exocytosis:

A
  • Digestive enzymes produced by stomach and glands of small intestine.
  • Hormones (insulin, glucagon) released by pancreatic cells when stimulated by nervous system
86
Q

Difference between cell membrane and intra-cellular membrane

A

Intra-cellular membrane lacks glycocalyx (sugar chain)

87
Q

Membranes that contain cholesterol and why

A

Animal cells. It is required for support + rigity of cell membrane

88
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves cell

89
Q

Permeable

A

All molecules can pass through membrane

90
Q

Non permeable

A

No molecule can pass through membrane

91
Q

Semi permeable

A

(Nonliving membranes) only molecules of certain size pass through membrane

92
Q

Selectively or differentially permeable

A

(Living membranes) molecules of certain size pass through membrane

93
Q

Permeably of a cell membrane

A

Semi permeable. It is dependent on size and shape of molecule

94
Q

3 main methods of which materials enter or leave cell

A

Diffusion, osmosis, active transport

95
Q

Materials that can diffuse through membrane

A

Alcohol, gases

96
Q

How does alcohol move through membrane

A

It is a lipid and is soluble through phospholipid bilayer

97
Q

How does water move through membrane

A

Uses channel proteins to pass through membrane

98
Q

ISO

A

Same

99
Q

Importance of living cells in isotonic solution

A

H2O enter = H2oO leaving, and cell not damaged

100
Q

HYPER

A

More than

101
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with greater concentration of solute outside cell

102
Q

Animal cell in hypertonic solution

A

Shrinks/shrivel

103
Q

Plant cell in hypertonic solution

A

Plasmolysis (Cytoplasm sucked out of cell)

104
Q

Term for red blood cell in hypertonic solution

A

Crenated

105
Q

HYPO

A

Less than

106
Q

Animal cell in hypotonic solution

A

Chubby

107
Q

Plant cell in hypotonic solution

A

Turgor pressure (Chubby but won’t burst)

108
Q

Lysis

A

Burst

109
Q

Process of facilitated transport

A

Glucose or amino acid fit into specific carrier protein. As long as there is concentration gradient, glucose or amino acid will fit shape of carrier protein and move them through membrane (no ATP)

110
Q

Highly specific carrier protein

A

Must be in order to allow correct molecule through membrane

111
Q

Another name for facilitated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

112
Q

Another name for facilitated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

113
Q

Why is energy not needed for facilitated transport

A

Uses concentration gradient

114
Q

Difference of active transport and facilitated transport

A

Active uses ATP to transport ions/molecules and facilitated uses concentration gradient + carrier protein to transport amino acid/glucose

115
Q

Two things active transport needs for fuel

A

ATP and carrier proteins

116
Q

Why do active transport have many mitochondria

A

Make ATP energy by cellular respiration used in active transport

117
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Form of active transport used by all cells especially muscles and nerves

118
Q

Endocytosis require energy regardless of concentration gradient, why

A

ATP is needed to create vesicle/vacuole that is used to transport

119
Q

Phagocytosis and example

A

Vacuole formed at cell membrane to bring substances (cell) into cell mem. Requires ATP. WBC eating bacteria

120
Q

Pinocytosis and example

A

Vesicle form around liquid or around small particles. Requires ATP. Lysosome eating cell debris

121
Q

What happens to vesicles after contents incorporated into cell

A

Used for organelles inside

122
Q

Process of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

It is a form of pinocytosis, but it uses receptor protein in a way that only specific molecules attach to receptor protein after attaching vesicle. Ex. Transporting vitamin, peptide, hormone, lipoprotein

123
Q

Exocytosis process

A

Vesicle fuse with cell membrane as secretion occur during exocytosis. Membrane of vesicle become part of plasma membrane. Requires ATP for energy to transport and fuse

124
Q

Diffusion direction, requirements, and example

A

High to low concentration, concentration gradient, O2 and alcohol

125
Q

Facilitated transport direction, requirements, and example

A

High to low concentration, concentration gradient (specific to carrier protein)

126
Q

Active transport using carrier protein direction, requirements, and example

A

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration, ATP energy, Na|K pump

127
Q

Phagocytosis direction, requirements, and example

A

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration, Cell (vacuole), WBC eating bacteria cell

128
Q

Pinocytosis direction, requirements, and example

A

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration, macromolecule (vesicle), lysosome eating cell debris

129
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis direction, requirements, and example

A

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration, receptor protein, vitamin peptide hormone lipoprotein.

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions